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Bio 2
Bio 2 Quiz/Exam 2
196
Biology
Undergraduate 1
07/20/2011

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Term
Punctuated Equilibrium
Definition
Periods of stasis ending in sudden change
Term
Gradualism
Definition
Small changes in a population over small periods of time
Term
Protective DNA
Definition
Does not code for a product, the end chromosomes can be lost without harm.
Term
Junk DNA
Definition
Does not code for a product some are copies of function genes, but have a mutation in the middle. Used to develop genetic finger prints.
Term
Managerial DNA
Definition
Sections that control the timing of when a section of a gene is actually used.
Term
Organizational DNA
Definition
Location of where in the body the gene will be used and how many.
Term
Gene Pool
Definition
All alleles for any gene in a population at a given time.
Term
Extinction
Definition
The complete killing of a species
Term
Speciation
Definition
The process in which new genetically distinct species evolve usually as a result of genetic isolation from the main population.
Term
the big five mass extinctions
Definition
Over a period of 500 million years, these 5 events are particularly well documented for the decimation of hard-bodied organisms that lived in the shallow seas. In each mass extinction 50% or more of earths marine species became extinct.
Term
Permian mass extinction
Definition
boundary between Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras (251 million years ago) claimed about 96% of marine animal speices and drastically altered life in the ocean. At a time of enormous volcanic eruptions in what is now Siberia. This was the most extreme episode of Volcanism.
Term
Cretaceous Mass Extinction
Definition
Occurred 65 million years ago. Between the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras. A layer of Iridium was found during this period which is a rare earth metal commonly found in meteorites. This killed off most of the dinosaurs.
Term
The sixth mass extinction
Definition
The human caused extinction,more then a 1000 species have become extinction in the last 400 years
Term
Holocene
Definition
is the last 10000 years recent history.
Term
Anthropocene
Definition
humans having an effect on the natural environmental make up.
Term
Result of extinction
Definition
once a species is extinct it may not come back.
Term
Time it takes for life to recover after extinction
Definition
5-10 million years according to fossil record.
Term
More Predators
Definition
A community rebuilds with more predators.
Term
Adaptive Radiations
Definition
Periods of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill different ecological roles or niches in their communities.
Term
Operational DNA
Definition
Genes that code for proteins
Term
Heterochrony
Definition
is defined as a developmental change in the timing of events, leading to changes in size and shape.
Term
Paedomorphosis
Definition
If reproductive organ development accelerates compared to other organs, the sexually mature stage of a speices may retain body features that were juvenile structures in ancestral species.
Term
Goal of Evolution
Definition
There is no goal
Term
Homeotic Genes
Definition
master regulatory are genes that determine which parts of the body form what body parts
Term
maximum Parsimony
Definition
First look at the simplest explanation consistent with the facts
Term
Molecular Clock
Definition
Comparison of molecules(genes and genemons)
Term
Systematics
Definition
a discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships
Term
Phylogeny
Definition
The evolutionary history of a species or a group of species.
Term
Taxonomy
Definition
The scientific discipline of how organisms are named and classified.
Term
taxon
Definition
The named taxonomic unit at any level of the hierarchy
Term
Phylogenetic Tree
Definition
the evolutionary history of a group of organisms represented on a branching diagram.
Term
horizontal Gene Transfer
Definition
is the transfer of genes other than parents to offspring
Term
Vertical Gene Transfer
Definition
Gene transfer from parent to offspring
Term
Analogy
Definition
rather then homo-logy or shared ancestry this is coincides with convergent evolution
Term
Homoplasies
Definition
Analogous structures that arose independently (Greek for mold the same way)
Term
Molecular Systematics
Definition
the disciplined of that uses DNA and other molecular data to determine evolutionary relationships.
Term
Domain for mitochondria and chloroplasts ancestors
Definition
Bacteria
Term
Cocci
Definition
round shaped bateria
Term
Bacilli
Definition
Rod shaped bateria
Term
Halophies
Definition
Salt environment Domain Archaea
Term
thermophiles
Definition
hot environment Domain Archaea
Term
sulfolobus
Definition
Sulfur using Domain Archaea
Term
Probionants
Definition
the first true cell
Term
Horizontal Gene Transfer Types
Definition
Exchange of transposable elements, Exchange of Plasmids, Viral Infection, Fusion of cells
Term
Gram Positive
Definition
Have a thick cell wall made of peptidoglycan. (looks Red)
Term
Gram Negative
Definition
has a thinner layer of peptidoglycan between it is located between to plasma membranes
Term
Peptidoglycan
Definition
a network of modified-sugar polymers cross linked between by short polypeptides. Prokaryotes have this feature
Term
Capsule
Definition
Jelly like outter coating (funtion to stick to surfaces).
Term
Fimbriae
Definition
are long thread like structures used to attach to surfaces or other prokaryotes
Term
Sex Pili
Definition
appendages that pull two cells together prior to DNA transfer from one cell to the other.
Term
Taxis
Definition
Movement toward or away from stimulus
Term
Chemotaxis
Definition
Change in movement pattern in response to chemicals
Term
Phototaxis
Definition
Change in movement in response to light
Term
Plasmids
Definition
Tiny circles of sepretatly replicating DNA with few genes ready for transmit
Term
Bateria Die from
Definition
Becoming prey, Die in own waste, run out of food
Term
Endospore
Definition
When times go bad a resistant cell is constructed from the orginal bacteria with a tougher wall, copy of chromosomes and no water (boiling water, can lye dormintant for centurys,
Term
Genetic Recombination
Definition
The combining of DNA from two different sources.
Term
Transformation
Definition
uptake of foreign DNA from its surroundings
Term
Transduction
Definition
genes are carried by a virus from one bacteria to another
Term
Conjugation
Definition
genetic material is transferred between two bacterial cells of the same or different spices that joined temporary
Term
Chlamydias
Definition
Can only survive in with in animal cells
Term
Spirochetes
Definition
Are helical heterotrophs spiral through their environment by means of rotating an internal flagellum like fliments
Term
Cyanobacteria
Definition
photoautotrouphs Anebana Oscillatoria
Term
symbosis
Definition
an ecological relationship between two speices that live in close contact with one another.
Term
Proteobacteria
Definition
large and diverse clad of gram negative bacteria
Term
alpha Proteobacteria
Definition
nitrogen gas using
Term
beta Proteobacteria
Definition
recycling ammonium to nitrite
Term
gamma Proteobacteria
Definition
sulfur bacteria and several pathogens
Term
Parasites
Definition
Eat cells or cell products
Term
pathogens
Definition
create toxcins as a waste product and are consider parasites
Term
Vector
Definition
Some bacteria diseases are transmitted by other spices suchs as fleas or ticks
Term
Exotoxins
Definition
Proteins secerted by certain bacteria and other organisms botulism
Term
endotoxins
Definition
compontents of the outter membrane (gram negitive) bacteria dies and compontents released Salmonella
Term
bio-remediation
Definition
organisms that remove pollutants from soil air and water
Term
Transgenic
Definition
used to make transgenic plants (Dna provided from another source)
Term
Symbiosis players
Definition
Host and symbiont
Term
Excavata
Definition
They have a grove on one side of the body and highly modified mitochrida
Term
chromaveolata
Definition
group includes brown algae photo syntheic organisms pathogens
Term
Rhizaria
Definition
tread like pseudopodia amoebas
Term
Archaeplastida
Definition
many photosynthic algae plus land plants
Term
unikonta
Definition
Fungi animals normal amebois
Term
Mixotrophs
Definition
Combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition.
Term
Chromalveolata groups
Definition
Alveolates strameninpiles
Term
Cow Symbiosis
Definition
Have protists the break down the grass.
Term
Are parasites consider symbotic
Definition
yes
Term
Autophotosyntheic organisms
Definition
from the base of the food chain
Term
Bateria by- products
Definition
provide nutrients for the food chain
Term
Bacteria
Definition
create a huge protion of oxygen
Term
Excavata Diplomonads
Definition
the most infamous giardia, its a parasite
Term
Excavata Diplomonads
Definition
They have two nuclui and lack functional electron transport chains and have B modifed moticondria and inhabits the intestant of animals
Term
Excavata para basalids
Definition
have a reduced mitochondria, release hydrogen gas as a byproduct. Trichomas causes a disease
Term
Euglenozoans
Definition
They have odd crystalline rod in the flagellum. Euglenid mixotrophs
Term
Kinetoplastids
Definition
A DNA mass
Term
Rhizaria
Definition
have tread like pseudopodia, the main function of these treads is for catching food
Term
Rhizaria Forams
Definition
named for the porous shells called tests (CaCO3 not see through) used for time marking
Term
Rhizaria Raiolarians
Definition
intricatley symmetrical internal skeletons that are generally made of silica.
Term
Archaeplastida
Definition
Red Algae, Green Algae, and land plants photosynthetic as a group (rhodophytes)
Term
Red Algae
Definition
the reddish color comes from the pigment phycoerythrin which masks the green of chlorophyll.(rhodophytes) every light color used but red
Term
Dulse (Red Algae)
Definition
Flat reddish blades is edible
Term
Nori (Red Algae)
Definition
Used as wrap for sushi edible food
Term
Archaeplastida Green Algae
Definition
Refereed to as chlorophytes and charophytes.
Term
Chlamydomonas
Definition
is in green algae lives in snow
Term
Charophytes
Definition
are the ancestors of land plants
Term
ulva
Definition
type of green algae edible seaweed.
Term
Green algae that form colonies
Definition
as seen in volox (pond scum)
Term
Aleveolates
Definition
These are little membrane-bounded sacs
Term
Dinoflagellates
Definition
Cells with reinfored cellouse plates, Two flagella located. produce toxin. They are called ride tides because of the pigments which is toxic.
Term
Apex
Definition
is a complex of organelles made for penetration.
Term
Vaccines against Malaria
Definition
Plasmodium can changes its surface proteins. Also share the same cell types as humans.
Term
Paramecium
Definition
Use cilia to move and feed, which is funneled in the oral groove then into the cell mouth.
Term
Paramecium
Definition
2 to 4 reproduction
Term
Contractile Vacuole
Definition
acts as water control. contracts to release water.
Term
Diatoms
Definition
Produce asexual
Term
Diatoms store energy
Definition
gloucose polymer laminarin.
Term
Golden Algae
Definition
Yellow and brown caroteniods and two flagella.
Term
Brown Algae
Definition
Many are edible, algin a substances in the aglae call algin
Term
Opisthokonts
Definition
the anestrail gorup to animales
Term
Macro-evolution
Definition
The pattern of evolution over large scales of time.
Term
Symbiotic Protists Example
Definition
Wood Digesting protist inside termites
Term
Dinoflagellate Parasite
Definition
Pfiesteria shumwayae parasite that attaches to its victims and eats their skin
Term
Protists
Definition
unicellular groups of eukaryotes
Term
Mixotrophs
Definition
Combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition.
Term
Secondary Endosymbiosis
Definition
Several occasions during eukaryotic evolution. Heterotrophic eukaryotes ingested green algae and red algae-tose algae became endosymbionts.
Term
Diplomonads
Definition
have modified mitochondria called mitosomes. These organelles lack the function of an electron transport train.
Term
Economic Use of Moss
Definition
Used to line flower pots
Term
Method of transportation for Moss Sperm
Definition
Water
Term
Angiosperms used this method of transportation for the sperm
Definition
Animals (wasps, Bees, Wind)
Term
Gymnosperms use this method of transportation for the sperm
Definition
Use the wind.
Term
Alternation of Generations
Definition
is exclusive to land plants.
Term
Stands for Gymnosperm
Definition
Naked Seed
Term
Stands for Angiosperms
Definition
Flowering plants
Term
Protonema
Definition
Germinating Moss spores for example characteristically produce a mass of green, branched, one-cell thick filament.
Term
Number of estimated Angiosperm Species
Definition
250,000
Term
Vascular Tissue
Definition
cells joined into tubes dthat transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body
Term
Fruit serves the function of
Definition
Disbursement and seed protection
Term
Monoecious
Definition
is a botanical term used to describe plants which bear both sperm and eggs on the same gametophyte.
Term
Dioicous
Definition
is the complementary term describing species in which gametophytes produce only sperm or eggs but never both.
Term
Vascular Plants
Definition
plants that have a vascular tissue system.
Term
Alkanoids, terpenes, and tannins
Definition
a bitter taste strong odor, or toxic effect that helps protect against herbivores and parasites
Term
Cultivation of plants started
Definition
13,000 years ago
Term
Stomata
Definition
are holes in the underside of plants used for gas exchange.
Term
Xylem
Definition
conducts water and minerals
Term
Ecological use of moss
Definition
Convert gas CO2 to an organic compounds
Term
Feature of Moss
Definition
Moss can be complete dried out and still survive
Term
Fertilization
Definition
Gives you diploid generation
Term
Charophytes share these unique features with plants
Definition
Rosette-shaped cellulose -synthesizing complexes
Term
Peroxisome Enzymes help minimize the loss of organic products as of the result of photorespiration
Definition
Charophytes share these unique features with plants
Term
Seed
Definition
Consists of Embryo its food surrounded by a protective coat.
Term
Central Cell
Definition
is diploid cell, having two nuceli
Term
Basal Angiosperms
Definition
Star anise and Water lily
Term
Basal Angiosperms
Definition
Star anise and Water lily the primitive group
Term
Magnoliids
Definition
Southern magnolia
Term
Monocot one seed term
Definition
cotyledon
Term
Plant and Animal interactions
Definition
Some Orchids look like female insects to attack
Term
80% of Caliroes come from
Definition
Rice
Corn
Wheat
Potatoes
cassava
sweet potatoes
Term
5-7 kg of corn
Definition
to make 1 kg of cow
Term
Flower Plant Products
Definition
Coffee
Cocoa
Chocolate
Spices
Wood
Paper
Term
Digitalin
Definition
Source-Foxglove
Use-Heart Medicaition
Term
Morphine
Definition
Source-Opium Poppy
Example of Use-Pain reliever
Term
Tubocurarine
Definition
Source- Curare tree
Example of Use- Muscle relaxant during Surgery
Term
Threats to plant diversity
Definition
Pollution
Slash-and-burn clearing of forests for agricultural use.
Term
Capsule
Definition
Located outside bacteria
Term
Spirochetes
Definition
Have the internal flagellum
Term
Fern Economic Use
Definition
Decoration
Term
Shared Ancestral Character
Definition
A character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon.
Term
Shared Derived Character
Definition
an evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade.
Term
Prokaryotic Vs. Eukaryotic Flagellum
Definition
Prokarytoic flagellum is 1/10 the width of Eukaryotic flagellum and is not covered by an extension of the plasma membrane.
Term
Nucleoid Region
Definition
an area of the cytoplasm where the chromosomes are located.
Term
Methanogens
Definition
A group named after their unqiue way of capturing energy They use CO2 and to oxidize H2 releasing a methane waste product.
Term
Obligate aerobes
Definition
use O2 for cellular respiration and cannot grow without it.
Term
Obligate anaerobes
Definition
Are poisoned by O2
Term
Facultative Anaerobes
Definition
use o2 if present but can also carry out anaerobic respiration or fermentation in an anaerobic environment.
Term
Archaea and Eukarya Similarities
Definition
No Peptidoglycan cell wall, several kinds of RNA polymerase, Introns in genes, growth not affected by anibiotics
Term
Nitrogen fixation
Definition
convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia
Term
Biofilms
Definition
Metabolic cooperation between different prokaryotic species often occurs in surface coating colonies known as biofilms
Term
Examples of Biofilm damage
Definition
Medical equipment, tooth decay
Term
thermophile
Definition
prokaotes that like hot conditions
Term
Halophile
Definition
high saline or salty conditions
Term
Proteobacteria
Definition
The large and diverse clad of gram-negative bacteria, includes photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, and heterotrophs
Term
Chlamydias
Definition
Can only survive in animal cells, depending upon the host for resources to perform ATP
Term
Spirochetes
Definition
Have internal flagellum like filaments
Term
Cyanobacteria
Definition
the only bacteria with plantlike oxygen generating photosynthesis
Term
Gram + bacteria
Definition
have a peptidoglycan layer
Term
Streptomyces
Definition
Gram + bacteria
Term
Oscillatoria
Definition
Cyanobacteria
Term
Leptospria
Definition
spirochetes
Term
chlamydia
Definition
chlamydias
Term
Rhizobium
Definition
Proteobacteria
Term
Groups of Excavata
Definition
Diplomonads- Have modified mitochondria called mitosomes, several flagella

Parabasalids- have mitochondria called
hydrogensomes, undulating membrane, several flagella

Euglenozoans-spiral or crystalline rod of unknown function.

Kinetoplastids- have a single, large mitochondrion that contains organized mass of DNA called a kinetoplast.

Euglenid- Can do photosynthesis or engulf prey by phaocytosis.
Term
Chromalveolata
Definition
Alveolates-have membrane-bound sacs just under plasma membrane

Dinoflagellates-cellulose plates some endosymbiosis with corals

Apicomplexans- plasmodium apical complex to penetrate host cells

Ciliates-surface covered with cilia 2 types of nuclei in same cell paramecium

Stramenopiles- have hairy like flagella and sometimes also normal smooth ones

diatoms- glass like cell silica walls (tests), store for in laminarin or oil

golden Algae- yellow or brown carotenoids some are muticelluar

Brown Algae- all multi cellular and many complex

Oomycetes- includes water molds phytopthora (potato blight) cellulose in walls decomposers
Term
Hold fast
Definition
Anchors the alga
Term
Rhizaria
Definition
Foraminiferans- thread like pseudopodia through holes in external calcium

Radiolarians- thread like pseudopodia joined by microtubules, internal silica tests
Term
Archaeplastida
Definition
red algae- reddish color helps absorb blue green light

Green Algae- related to land plants
Term
Unikonta
Definition
Amebozoans- Have tube or lube rather then tread like pseudopidia

opisthokonts- closet relative to fungi kingdom
Term
Ancestral Characters charophycean algal Ancestor of land plants
Definition
Phargmoplast Forms between the daugther nuclei and dividing cel

Structure of flagellated sperm

peroxisome enzymes

rosette chaped cellulose-synthesizing complexes

Sporopollenin- keeps zygotes from drying out.
Term
Derived traits of land plants
Definition
Alternation of generations

Embryophytes

Cuticle

mycorrhizae

toxins
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