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Bio 25 Chapter 11
Chapter 11 study questions
71
Biology
Undergraduate 3
11/24/2008

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Term
Prime Movers (agonist)
Definition
muscles that provide the major force for producing a specific movement are the prime movers of that movement.
*The brachialis muscle is a prime mover of elbow flexion (best when pronated)
*the bicep brachii is a prime mover of elbow (best when supinated)
Term
Antagonist
Definition
*muscles that oppose or reverse a particular movement are called antagonist
*flexion of forarm by the brachialis is antagonized by the triceps.
Term
Synergist
Definition
They help prime movers by:
*adding a little extra force to the same movement
*reducing undesirable or unnecessary movements that might occur as the prime mover contracts
-when a muscle crosses two or more joints, its contraction causes movement at all of the spanned joints unless other muscles act as joint stabilizers.
Term
Fixators
Definition
when synergists immobilize a bone, or a muscle's origin, they are then specifically called fixators. The muscle prevents the bone from moving.
*EX: muscles that help to maintain upright posture.
Term
Intercostal muscles
Definition
in between the ribs
Term
Arrangement of Fascicles
Definition
ALL skeletal muscles consists of fascicles, however, the arrangement of the fascicles varies, resulting in muscles with different shapes and functional capabilities.
Term
Parallel arrangement
Definition
the long axes of the fascicles run parallel to the long axis of the muscle.
*they can span a great distance
*examples:rectus abdominis, sartorius, zygomatic major
Term
Convergent (fan shaped)
Definition
a convergent muscle has a broad origin, and its fascicles converge toward a single tendon of insertion.
*RELATIVELY STRONG
*Pectoralis major
Term
Pinnate (feather shaped)
Definition
here the fascicles are short and they attach obliquely to a central tendon that runs the length of the muscle.
Term
Unipennate
Definition
semimbraneous
Term
bipennate
Definition
rectus femoris
Term
multipennate
Definition
deltoid
Term
Circular (sphincters)
Definition
The fascicle pattern is circular when the fascicles are arranged in concentric rings.
Term
The arrangement of the fascicles of muscles determines their RANGE OF MOTION AND POWER
Definition
The longer and the more nearly parallel the muscle fibers are to a muscle's long axis, the more the muscle can shorten.
*muscles with parallel fascicle arrangement shorten the most, but they are NOT USUALLY VERY POWERFUL.
Term
Muscle innervation
Definition
Muscles of the head and neck are supplied by cranial nerves.
*Other muscles are supplied by spinal nerves. They originate in the spinal cord and exit via the intervertebral foramina.
Term
Axial Muscles
Definition
The muscles of head and neck
*The muscles of the vertebral column
*The oblique and rectus muscles
*The muscles of the pelvic floor.
Term
Appendicular muscles
Definition
*The muscles of shoulders and upper limbs
*The muscles of the pelvic girdle and lower limbs.
Term
Muscles of the Head and Neck
Functional classification:
Definition
*muscles of facial expression
*extraocular muscles
*muscles of mastication
*muscles of the tongue
*muscles of the pharynx
*extrinsic muscles of the larynx
Term
Muscles of Facial Expression
Definition
They originate on the surface of the skull and are innervated by the cranial nerve VII (facial nerve)
*THESE MUSCLES ARE UNUSUAL IN THAT THEY INSERT INTO SKIN OR OTHER MUSCLE RATHER THAN BONE.
Term
Orbicularis Oris
Definition
closes and protrudes lips (kissing)
Term
Buccinator
Definition
compresses the cheeks during blowing (important role in chewing, whistling and sucking)
Term
Platysma
Definition
depresses the mandible
Term
Zygomaticus major
Definition
draws angle of the mouth superiorly and laterally (smiling)
Term
Orbicularis oculi
Definition
closes the eye
Term
Corrugator supercilii
Definition
draws eye brow and wrinkles skin of forehead vertically
Term
Extrinsic eye muscles
Definition
These muscles control the position of each eye and are INNERVATED BY CRANIAL NERVES III (oculomotor), IV (trochlear) and VI (abducens)
*Called extrinsic because these muscles originate outside the eye ball
*These muscles are some of the most precisely controlled and fastest contracting skeletal muscles of the body.
Term
Inferior rectus, superior rectus, lateral retus medial rectus, iferior oblique and superior obliques
Definition
Are all extrinsic Muscles
Term
Muscle of Mastication
Definition
These muscles move the mandible at the temporomandibular joint, and are innervated by the mandibular division of cranial nerve V (trigeminal)
Term
Masseter
Definition
elevates the mandible (closing mouth)
*STRONGEST MUSCLE OF MASTICATION
Term
Temporalis
Definition
elevates and retracts the mandible
Term
Muscles of the tongue (Extrinsic tongue muscles)
Definition
Their names end in "glossus". Most are innervated by cranial nerve XII (hyperglossal nerve)
*extrinsic muscles of the tongue ORIGINATE OUTSIDE OF THE TONGUE AND INSERT INTO IT.
*they move the entire tongue in various directions
Term
Pharyngeal Constrictor Muscles
Definition
Constrict the pharynx to propel food into the esophagus and responsible for initiating the swallowing process.
*innervated by cranial nerve X
Term
Sternocleisomastoid
Definition
Acting together (bilaterally) flex the head at neck, while acting alone (unilaterally) laterally extend and rotate head to side opposite the contracting muscle
Term
Erector Spinae
Definition
largest muscle mass of the back *MAIN extensor of the vertebral column
*Iliocostalis, longissimus and spinalis group.
Term
Anterolateral abdominal wall
Definition
External obliques, internal obliques, transverse abdominis and rectus abdominis
Term
Rectus abdominis
Definition
plays an important role in as flexors of the vertebral column
*they act in opposition to the errector spinae
Term
Rectus Sheaths
Definition
The aponeuroses of the external obliques, internal obliques and transverse abdominis muscles for the rectus sheaths. This sheath encloses the rectus abdominis muscles.
Term
Diaphragm
Definition
dome shaped muscle innervated by the PHRENIC NERVE. THE MOST IMPORTANT MUSCLE OF BREATHING
Term
3 major opening through the disphragm
Definition
*opening for the aorta
*opening for the esophagus
*opening for the inferior vena cava
Term
Muscle for breathing
Definition
*Diaphragm, external intercostal and internal intercostals.
Term
Function of the pelvic floor and perineum
Definition
1. Support the organs of the pelvic cavity
2. flex the sacrum and coccyx
3. control the movement of materials through the urethra and anus
Term
Muscles of the Perineum
Definition
the perineum is the region of the trunk inferior to the pelvic diaphragm. It extends from the public symphysis anteriorly to the coccyx posteriorly and to the ischial tuberosity laterally.
Term
External urethral and external anal sphincter
Definition
Skeletal muscle open and close sphincter
Term
Internal sphincter
Definition
Smooth muscle
Term
Muscles that position the pectoral girdle
Definition
The major function of the muscles that move the pectoral girdle is to stabilize the scapula.
Term
Trapezius
Definition
The most superficial back muscle
Term
Deltoid
Definition
innervated by the axillary nerve
Term
Latissimus dorsi
Definition
swimmer's muscle
Term
rotator cuff
Definition
Fusion of the tendon of the following muscles.
*The rotator cuff forms an almost complete circle of tendons around the shoulder joint.
*supraspinatus: more predisposed to wear and tear
*infraspinatus
*teres minor
*subscapularis
Term
Forearm flexors
Definition
Flexors of the elbow joint (anterior)
Term
Biceps brachii
Definition
*plays an important role in shoulder joint stabilization
*it spans both the shoulder jooint and the elbow joint.
*Therefore, the biceps brachii flexs the arm at the shoulder joint and flexes the forearm at the elbow joints, AND supinates the forearm at the radioulnar joint
Term
Brachialis
Definition
most powerful flexor of the forearm at the elbow joint. The work horse of the elbow)
Term
Brachioradialis
Definition
flexes the forearm at the elbow joint
Term
Triceps brachii
Definition
Three heads of origin
*most powerful extensor of the forearm at the elbow joint
Term
Forearm pronators
Definition
*Pronator teres *Pronator quadratus
Term
Muscles that move the wrist hand and fingers
Definition
The muscles of the forearm provide strength and crude control of the hand and fingers. These muscles are known as the Extrinsic muscles of the hand. They originate outside the hand and insert within it.
Term
Intrinsic muscles of the hand
Definition
Fine control of the hand is the function of intrinsic muscle. These originate on the carpal and metacarpal bones. They are weak but provide precise movement of the fingers
Term
Anterior Forearm muscles
Definition
Originate on the humerus and usually insert on the carpals, metacarpals and phalangles. *They function as FLEXORS
Term
Superficial anterior muscles
Definition
*Flexor carpi radialis
*Palmaris longus
*Flexor carpi ulnaris
*flexor digitorum superficialis
Term
Posterior Forearm Muscles:
Definition
Originate on the humerus and insert on the metacarpals and phalanges
*They function as EXTENSORS
Term
Superficial posterior muscles
Definition
*Extensor carpi Radialis Longus
*Extensor carpi radialis Brevia
*Extensor digitorum
*extensor digiti minimi
*extensor carpi ulnaris
Term
Muscles that move the thigh
Definition
Muscles of the lower limbs are longer and more powerful than those of the upper limbs.
-They usually cross 2 joints and act equally on both.
Term
Gluteal Muscles
Definition
Has three 3 types
*Maximus- major extensor of the femur at the hip joint
*Minimus
*Medius:powerful abductor of femur at the hip joint
Term
Medial muscles of the thigh
Definition
They adduct, flex and medially rotate the femur at the hip joint
*Adductor longus
*adductor magnus
*adductor brevis
Term
Pectineus
Definition
flexes and adducts the thigh at the hip joints
Term
Gracilis
Definition
adducts the thigh AND flexes the leg at the knee joint
Term
Sartorius
Definition
the tailor's muscle
*helps crosses the legs*
Term
Muscles that move the leg
Definition
Extensor muscles are located along the ANTERIOR and lateral surface of the leg, ehile flexors lie along the POSTERIOR and medial surfaces.
Term
Flexors of the Knee (Posterior)
Definition
The hamstrings (Biceps femoris, semimbraneou, semitendinosus) and sartorius.
Term
Extensor of the knee (Quardiceps Femoris)
Definition
Includes the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius and rectus femoris.
*The common tendon for the 4 muscles is the quadriceps tendon, which inserts into the patella. The tendon continus below the patella as the patellar ligament and attaches to the tibial tuberosity.
Term
Superficial posterior leg muscles
Definition
*Gastrocnemius
*Soleus
*Plantaris
*The above 3 muscles share a common tendon of insertion: the CALCANELA (Achilles) tendon- the strongest tendon of the body.
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