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Bio-241, Unit 3A-D
Unit 3A-D
67
Biology
Undergraduate 1
12/12/2016

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Term
Do all organisms spend the same amount of energy to meet their energy demands?
Definition
No. Depending on their size they require different amounts of energy.
Term
What are two ways to calculate Eassimilation?
Definition
Einput- Eexcretion

Ermr+ Eactivity+Eproduction
Term
What can Eproduction represent?
Definition
Egrowth or Ereproduction
Term
What is energy needed for?
Definition
To survive and reproduce
Term
What is the measure of fitness?
Definition
The total amount and rate at which they obtain energy from food. (Darwin)
Term
How is the amount of time food is in the digestive tract a phenotypic trait?Example?
Definition
Food retention time in the digestive tract is a response to the environment. (type of food, season) Starlings change the length of their intestines.
Term
When given a graph of food retention time in the gut, how do you find the optimal time for the gut to stop digesting?
Definition
Take a tangent to hit the slope. Then draw a line to hit the x axis
Term
Why do you have to breathe when you sleep?
Definition
Resting metabolic rate and homeostasis: basic metabolism to keep cells functioning.
Term
How do we measure resting metabolic rate?
Definition
O2 Consumed
CO2 evolved
Heat loss
Term
What factors influence resting metabolism?
Definition
# of cells
Mass
Availability of O2, Temperature
Term
How does absolute metabolic rate differ among organisms?
Definition
As mass increases so does RMR. Total energy needs per day of a large animal are greater than that of a small animal.
Term
How does Mass-Specific metaboic rate differ among organisms?
Definition
The energy requirements per gram of animal is much greater for a small animal than for a large animal.
Term
what are some issues with using a linear scale? And how can we fix it?
Definition
Linear scales show a curve and it'a not very precise. We can log scale the data and get a straight line.
Term
On both untransformed and transformed graphs what do the following represent?
Y=X1.25
Y=X1
Y=X0.75
Definition
Y=X1.25: accelerating
Y=X1:Linear
Y=X0.75: Declerating
Term
How do you predict the slope of Mass-Specific log scaled graphs?
Definition
From absolute to Mass-Specific you subtract 1.
From Mass-Specific to absolute you add 1.
Term
How does mass-specific metabolism rate change with mass?
Definition
Negative relationship
Increase in mass: Decrease in RMR/Mass
Term
How can Eactivity effect Ermr?
Definition
More Eactivity can decrease Ermr.
Term
what is Homeostasis?
Definition
Regulation of an internal environment in the face of changes in the external environment.
Term
What parameters must an organism regulate?
Definition
Temperature, Respiration, O2 levels, CO2 levels, pH
Term
True or false in feedback mechanisms the sensor and effector can be a single cell.
Definition
True! Along with the possibility of it being an endocrine organ or a series of endocrine organs.
Term
What are 2 examples of positive feedback? (Good and bad)
Definition
Climate change, release of greenhouse from melting snow. (Bad)
Childbirth and oxytocin release during contractions(Good)
Term
List the order of negative feedback and explain each step.
Definition
Stimulus->Sensor->Integrator->Effector->Response.
Sensor(receptor): Detects change.
Integrator(control centre): Compares sensor info with set point. (nervous system)
Effector: Carries out the change
Term
List the processes through which animals can gain or lose energy from and to their environments. And explain the terms.
Definition
Conduction: Heat exchange through direct contact(fluids or solids)
Convection: By a moving medium(gas or liquid)
Evaporation: Heat loss through state change. (wet snout or sweating)
Radiation: Infrared radiation(sun)
Conductance: Rate at which heat is exchanged with environment.
Term
What are the two patterns of Tb regulation strategies?
Definition
Homeotherms: Maintain a constant body temperature.
Heterotherms(poikilotherms): Body temperature varies with ambient temperature.
Term
What are the 2 processes of Tb regulation strategies?
Definition
Endotherms: Rely on metabolic heat production.
Ectotherms: Gain heat from external sources primarily. Small portion of self metabolism. Dependent on environment.
Term
True or false? Ectotherms generally have higher metabolic rates.
Definition
FALSE!! Endotherms have higher metabolic rates. Internal metabolism. Ectotherms use behaviour to balance heat loss and gain.
Term
How are naked mole rats Endo-Heterotherms?
Definition
Hetero: Their Tb varies with Ta
Endo: They primarily rely on body metabolism for heat.
Term
What is an example of an ecto homeothermic plant? and how?
Definition
Sun tracking arctic flowers.
Ecto:They gain heat from the sun
Homeo:They also self metabolize.
Term
What are the pros and cons of Ect-heterothermy?
Definition
Pros: Less energy used. More Energy for reproduction (potentially)
Cons: Constrained in both when and hwere you can beactive. Daily and seasonally.
Term
What are the pros and cons of Endo-Homeothermy?
Definition
Pros: Wide range of times and places for activity for optimal responses.
Cons:Energy expensive. Metabolism at the expense of Eproduction
Term
What is the Thermoneutral zone?
Definition
The range of ambient temperatures where the body can maintain its core temperature solely through regulating dry heat loss(skin, blood flow)
Term
When can a living body maintain its core temperature?
Definition
When heat production and heat loss are balanced.
Term
Define Hypothermia and Hyperthermia
Definition
Hypothermia: When Tb is below Ta
Hyperthermia: when Ta is hella hot.
Term
How do endotherms regulate body temperature through physiological means?
Definition
Increasing or decreasing metabolic activity which produce heat as a by product.
Term
List the methods of mitigating heat loss.
Definition
Blubber:Fat as an insulator
Fur/feathers: can be fluffed to make air pockets for heat. Fur thickness can be changed
Piloerection: Bristling of feathers. Form of conduction.
Shivering: Body movements to gain heat.
Radiative heat loss: Catching heat from others. Can change behaviour facultatively based on temperature.
Cryoprotectants: They freeze. Frogs
Torpor: State of phsical inactivity for a period of time. Hours or daily. Endotherms, Have ability to control body temp.
Hibernation: Long term. Measured in days. M.R is still regulated(bears: 4beats/min)
Term
How does body size affect conductance?
Definition
Smaller animals have higher conductance. Larger animals have less conductance.
Term
Why is colour of fur important?
Definition
Generally: White is warmer than black.
No wind: Black fur increases heat.->Heat gets stripped by convection
Windy: White fur increases heat.
Term
In polar bears: How does white fur keep them warm?
Definition
WHite fur reflects light so that it reaches black skin. Skin does the heat absorption
Term
What is Non-Shivering Thermogenesis?
Definition
Brown fat cells that contain lots of mitochondria. The mito don't synthesize ATP. Brown fat has a form of ETC that generates heat.
Term
How does the COT for different sized animals vary?
Definition
For larger animals it's less, For small animals it's more.
Term
What is the COT of an immobile organism?
Definition
Infinity.
Term
What conclusions can be made from observing Various horse gaits?
Definition
Optimal gait: least amount of energy per locomotion
Horses choose their optimal speed
Minimum COT is very similar for all gaits
Term
How does a swim bladder help fish?
Definition
Contrls air content to help control movement
Term
What are a few strategies to minimize drag in water?
Definition
Shape: not too long, not too skinny-> Increase of surface area:increase of drag.
Term
How do dolphins and swordfish minimize drag?
What is the optimal d/l?
Definition
Dolphins: shed skin. Optimal: 0.25
Swordfish: Smooth scales
Term
Would larger or smaller aquatic organisms have higher COTs?
Definition
Smaller animals would have higher COTs
Term
What is the benefit of swimming? what are the two variables?
Definition
Food gain!
T=% food that is metabolizable
I=Food encounter rate(plankton)
Term
What is the best speed for fish to swim at?
Definition
Foraging: 110m/h There is more benefit than cost.
Term
For small aquatic animals which forces are negligent? and why?
Definition
Inertial forces and momentum.
Their world is viscous.
Term
List and explain the 3 powers birds need to fly.
Definition
Induced power: Needed to overcome gravity
Parasite power: Energy required to overcome drag
Profile power: Wing movement that provides lift and thrust.
Term
How can we find the optimal speed for a bird?
Definition
On a graph containing Induced power and Parasite power find the curve between both curves.
Term
What are the ideal circumstances for Eproduction?
Definition
Unlimited resources, live forever, continuously reproduce
Term
What is the ultimate goal of energy budgets?
Definition
manage energy properly so as to have some energy remaining to allocate to reproduction
Term
What are the numerous strategies generated by natural selection called?
Definition
Life history traits
Term
List some variables of Life History Traits
Definition
Age/size of maturity, growth rate, number of offspring(fecundity), size of offspring, parental investment, mortality rate
Term
How are Life History Tables used?
Definition
Summarize survivorship of population, how a population will change over time.
Term
Explain 2 types of Life history graphs
Definition
Broad at the base and narrow at the top: Growing population.

Similar size on top and on the bottom: stable population
Term
Give the meaning for the following variables: x, Nx, Sx, Lx, Mx, LxMx, Ro
Definition
X= year, Nx= #observed, Sx= survival rate from one year to another, Lx= Survivorship, Mx= Fecundity, LxMx= # of expected offspring @given age given that you survive @age X.Ro= Net reproductive rate.
Term
Explain what the following represent: Ro=1, Ro<1, Ro>1
Definition
Ro=1-> Pop. is stable
Ro<1-> Pop. is declining
Ro>1-> Pop. is growing
Term
Give a description of the 3 survivorship curves.
Definition
Type1: High early survivorship:Low late survivorship(humans)
Type2: Constant @ all ages, linear on log scale(birds)
Type3: Low early survivorship: High late survivorship.
Term
What can be done to maximize lifetime reproductive success? Upsides and downsides.
Definition
Upside: Increase survivorship of offspring: Increase parent investment, good environment, Increaes offspring size.
Downside: Decreased survivorship of adults, fewer kids due to energy cost per kid.
Term
What are tradeoffs?
Definition
Fixed energy budgets, environment constraints. between Eproduction and Eactivity. Increase in one means there's a decrease in another.
Term
Can 2 competing life history traits be maximized simultaneously?
Definition
No. gains by one means loss for the other. not enough energy to maximize both.
Term
As a fish starts off with high growth rate, and it's reproductive rate begins to increase, what happens to its growth rate?
Definition
Growth decreases as reproductive rate increases.
Term
Define Semelparity and Iteroparity.
Definition
Semelparity: An individual breeds only once in its lifetime.
Iteroparity: An individual breeds more than once in its lifetime.
Term
Define disturbance and Competitive.
Definition
Disturbance: Random event that can allow survivorship. Less parental investment, more offspring.
Competitive: Constant environment. Lots of parental investment and help with resources, few offspring.
Term
What is the life History Theory?
Definition
Every species has a pattern.
Birth->Maturity->Reproduction->Death.
The environment affects life history traits by influencing trade-offs
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