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BIO 240 Test #2 Axial Skeleton
Axial Skeleton Notes
76
Biology
Undergraduate 2
09/29/2012

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Term
What is the axial skeleton?
Definition
The axial skeleton consists of those bones that lie in the longitudinal axis of the body, running through its center of gravity.
Term
Name the axial bones.
Definition
The bones of the axial skeleton include the bones of the skull, the hyoid, the ribs, sternum, and vertebrae,
Term
What is the appendicular skeleton?
Definition
The appendicular skeleton contains the bones of the upper and lower extremities, including the pectoral (shoulder) girdle and pelvic girdle.
Term
Name the appendicular bones.
Definition
clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and the phalanges of the upper extremities

os coxa, femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and the phalanges of the lower extremities
Term
Identify the cranial bones versus the facial bones
Definition
The cranial bones are the: 1 frontal, 2 parietal, 2 temporal, 1occipital,
1 sphenoid, and 1 ethmoid.

The facial bones are the: 2 nasal, 2 maxillae, 2 zygomatics ( zygomas),
1 mandible, 2 lacrimal, 2 palatine, 2 inferior nasal conchae, and 1 vomer.
Term
What is a suture of the skull?
Definition
A suture is an immovable fibrous joint in the skull where bone surfaces are closely united by connective tissue.
Term
Coronal
Definition
The coronal suture is located between the frontal bone
and the 2 parietal bone.
Term
Sagittal
Definition
The sagittal suture is located between the 2 parietal bone.
Term
Lambdoidal
Definition
The lambdoidal sutures are found between the right and left parietal bones and the occipital bone
Term
Squamosal
Definition
The squamosal sutures are located between the parietal bone and the temporal bone of each side
Term
What are Wormian bones?
Definition
Wormian bones are small fragments of bones found in the sutures,particularly in the sagittal and lambdoidal sutures.
Term
What are the fontanels and what are their functions?
Definition
membrane-filled spaces between the bones of the cranium seen at birth. These “soft spot” areas of dense fibrous connective tissue bridge the incompletely formed cranial bones.
Term
Fontanels have two functions:
Definition
(1) allow head to change shape while passing through
the birth canal
(2) allow for rapid growth of brain during the first two
years.
Term
Anterior
Definition
The anterior (frontal) fontanel is found between the two parietal bones and the two segments of the frontal bone; closes between 18 - 24 months.
Term
Posterior
Definition
The (occipital) fontanel is found between the two parietal bones and the occiput; closes at 2 months.
Term
Sphenoidal
Definition
-- The anterolateral (sphenoidal) fontanel is located at
the junction of the frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones; closes at 3 months.
Term
Mastoidal fontanel is found at the
junction of the parietal, occipital, and temporal bones; closes at 12 months.
Definition
fontanel is found at the
junction of the parietal, occipital, and temporal bones; closes at 12 months.
Term
Describe the hyoid bone. What are its functions?
Definition
The hyoid bone is unique in the body because it articulates with no other bone. It is suspended by ligaments and tendons from the temporal bone in the anterior neck, between the mandible and the larynx.
Term
Name the bones of the thorax.
Definition
The vertebral column (spine), together with the ribs and the sternum, forms the skeleton of the thorax.
Term
Describe the vertebral column.
Definition
The vertebral column is composed of a series of individual bones called vertebrae (a single one is called a vertebra). Together, the vertebrae form a strong, flexible rod that bends anteriorly, posteriorly, and laterally, and rotates.
Term
What are the functions of the vertebral column?
Definition
1. Enclose and protect the spinal cord.
2. Support and allow for movement of the head.
3. Give points of attachment for ribs and muscles of the back.
Term
What are intervertebral foramina?
Definition
Between individual vertebrae are openings called intervertebral foramina through which pass the spinal nerves.
Term
Identify the five different types of vertebrae.
Definition
The 26 vertebrae of the adult are distributed as:
7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 1 sacrum, 1 coccyx.
Term
What are intervertebral discs?
Definition
Between each adjacent vertebra from level C-1 to the sacrum are pads of connective tissue called intervertebral discs.
Term
What are the two parts of a disc?
Definition
Each disc is composed of two parts. The outer portion, formed of fibrocartilage, is the annulus fibrosus. The inner portion is a soft, pulpy tissue rich in hyaluronic acid, elastin, and water. It is called the nucleus pulposus.
Term
How do the discs function?
Definition
The discs form strong, slightly movable joints between the adjacent vertebrae, permitting the movements of the spine and absorbing vertical shock.
Term
Describe the vertebral curves.
Definition
When viewed from the side the vertebral column shows four normal curves. The cervical and lumbar curves are anteriorly convex. The thoracic and sacral curves are anteriorly concave.
Term
What are the vertebral curve functions?
Definition
These curves, like those in long bones, give the spine strength and absorb vertical shock, acting like a spring.
Term
What are the primary vertebral curves?
Definition
The thoracic and sacral curves are said to be primary curves because they retain the original curvature of the embryo/fetus.
Term
What are the secondary vertebral curves?
Definition
The cervical and lumbar curves are said to be secondary curves since they are modifications of the original curve related to assuming and erect posture by holding up the head and walking.
Term
Describe the bony thorax.
Definition
The term thorax refers to the entire chest. The skeletal portion of the thorax is a bony cage formed by the sternum, ribs, costal cartilages, and bodies of the thoracic vertebrae.
Term
What are the functions of a bony thorax?
Definition
The bones give partial protection to thoracic organs, support and attach the upper extremities to the axial skeleton, and give sites for muscle attachment.
Term
Describe the sternum.
Definition
The sternum (breastbone) is a flat narrow bone lying in the midline of the anterior thoracic wall.

The sternum is formed by fusion of three parts:
1. Manubrium
2. Body (gladiolus)
3. Xiphoid process.
Term
What is the sternoclavicular notch?
Definition
The superior- most portion of the sternum, where the two clavicles join the sternum at the manubrium, forms the sternoclavicular notch. This is an important clinical landmark.
Term
Describe the posterior articulation of the ribs.
Definition
Ribs 2-9 articulate posteriorly with its corresponding thoracic vertebra and the vertebra directly below it. Rib 1 articulates only with both thoracic vertebrae 1, and ribs 11 and 12 articulate only with the bodies of vertebrae T11 and T12.

Ribs 1-10 also articulate between the tubercle of the rib and the costal facet of the transverse process of the same numbered vertebra.
Term
What are the true ribs?
Definition
Ribs 1-7 have a direct attachment to the sternum via the costal cartilages. Therefore, they are called true ribs.
Term
What are the false ribs?
Definition
Ribs 8-10 have a single cartilaginous union with the sternum because their costal cartilages fuse into one. Along with ribs 11-12, these are the false ribs. Ribs 11-12 are also known as floating ribs because they have only a posterior attachment. They have no costal cartilages.
Term
Describe an intercostal space.
Definition
Between the ribs are the intercostal spaces, each containing intercostal muscles, blood vessels, and nerves.
Term
What is the axial skeleton?
Definition
The axial skeleton consists of those bones that lie in the longitudinal axis of the body, running through its center of gravity.
Term
Name the axial bones.
Definition
The bones of the axial skeleton include the bones of the skull, the hyoid, the ribs, sternum, and vertebrae,
Term
What is the appendicular skeleton?
Definition
The appendicular skeleton contains the bones of the upper and lower extremities, including the pectoral (shoulder) girdle and pelvic girdle.
Term
Name the appendicular bones.
Definition
clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and the phalanges of the upper extremities

os coxa, femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and the phalanges of the lower extremities
Term
Identify the cranial bones versus the facial bones
Definition
The cranial bones are the: 1 frontal, 2 parietal, 2 temporal, 1occipital,
1 sphenoid, and 1 ethmoid.

The facial bones are the: 2 nasal, 2 maxillae, 2 zygomatics ( zygomas),
1 mandible, 2 lacrimal, 2 palatine, 2 inferior nasal conchae, and 1 vomer.
Term
What is a suture of the skull?
Definition
A suture is an immovable fibrous joint in the skull where bone surfaces are closely united by connective tissue.
Term
Coronal
Definition
The coronal suture is located between the frontal bone
and the 2 parietal bone.
Term
Sagittal
Definition
The sagittal suture is located between the 2 parietal bone.
Term
Lambdoidal
Definition
The lambdoidal sutures are found between the right and left parietal bones and the occipital bone
Term
Squamosal
Definition
The squamosal sutures are located between the parietal bone and the temporal bone of each side
Term
What are Wormian bones?
Definition
Wormian bones are small fragments of bones found in the sutures,particularly in the sagittal and lambdoidal sutures.
Term
What are the fontanels and what are their functions?
Definition
membrane-filled spaces between the bones of the cranium seen at birth. These “soft spot” areas of dense fibrous connective tissue bridge the incompletely formed cranial bones.
Term
Fontanels have two functions:
Definition
(1) allow head to change shape while passing through
the birth canal
(2) allow for rapid growth of brain during the first two
years.
Term
Anterior
Definition
The anterior (frontal) fontanel is found between the two parietal bones and the two segments of the frontal bone; closes between 18 - 24 months.
Term
Posterior
Definition
The (occipital) fontanel is found between the two parietal bones and the occiput; closes at 2 months.
Term
Sphenoidal
Definition
-- The anterolateral (sphenoidal) fontanel is located at
the junction of the frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones; closes at 3 months.
Term
Mastoidal fontanel is found at the
junction of the parietal, occipital, and temporal bones; closes at 12 months.
Definition
fontanel is found at the
junction of the parietal, occipital, and temporal bones; closes at 12 months.
Term
Describe the hyoid bone. What are its functions?
Definition
The hyoid bone is unique in the body because it articulates with no other bone. It is suspended by ligaments and tendons from the temporal bone in the anterior neck, between the mandible and the larynx.
Term
Name the bones of the thorax.
Definition
The vertebral column (spine), together with the ribs and the sternum, forms the skeleton of the thorax.
Term
Describe the vertebral column.
Definition
The vertebral column is composed of a series of individual bones called vertebrae (a single one is called a vertebra). Together, the vertebrae form a strong, flexible rod that bends anteriorly, posteriorly, and laterally, and rotates.
Term
What are the functions of the vertebral column?
Definition
1. Enclose and protect the spinal cord.
2. Support and allow for movement of the head.
3. Give points of attachment for ribs and muscles of the back.
Term
What are intervertebral foramina?
Definition
Between individual vertebrae are openings called intervertebral foramina through which pass the spinal nerves.
Term
Identify the five different types of vertebrae.
Definition
The 26 vertebrae of the adult are distributed as:
7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 1 sacrum, 1 coccyx.
Term
What are intervertebral discs?
Definition
Between each adjacent vertebra from level C-1 to the sacrum are pads of connective tissue called intervertebral discs.
Term
What are the two parts of a disc?
Definition
Each disc is composed of two parts. The outer portion, formed of fibrocartilage, is the annulus fibrosus. The inner portion is a soft, pulpy tissue rich in hyaluronic acid, elastin, and water. It is called the nucleus pulposus.
Term
How do the discs function?
Definition
The discs form strong, slightly movable joints between the adjacent vertebrae, permitting the movements of the spine and absorbing vertical shock.
Term
Describe the vertebral curves.
Definition
When viewed from the side the vertebral column shows four normal curves. The cervical and lumbar curves are anteriorly convex. The thoracic and sacral curves are anteriorly concave.
Term
What are the vertebral curve functions?
Definition
These curves, like those in long bones, give the spine strength and absorb vertical shock, acting like a spring.
Term
What are the primary vertebral curves?
Definition
The thoracic and sacral curves are said to be primary curves because they retain the original curvature of the embryo/fetus.
Term
What are the secondary vertebral curves?
Definition
The cervical and lumbar curves are said to be secondary curves since they are modifications of the original curve related to assuming and erect posture by holding up the head and walking.
Term
Describe the bony thorax.
Definition
The term thorax refers to the entire chest. The skeletal portion of the thorax is a bony cage formed by the sternum, ribs, costal cartilages, and bodies of the thoracic vertebrae.
Term
What are the functions of a bony thorax?
Definition
The bones give partial protection to thoracic organs, support and attach the upper extremities to the axial skeleton, and give sites for muscle attachment.
Term
Describe the sternum.
Definition
The sternum (breastbone) is a flat narrow bone lying in the midline of the anterior thoracic wall.

The sternum is formed by fusion of three parts:
1. Manubrium
2. Body (gladiolus)
3. Xiphoid process.
Term
What is the sternoclavicular notch?
Definition
The superior- most portion of the sternum, where the two clavicles join the sternum at the manubrium, forms the sternoclavicular notch. This is an important clinical landmark.
Term
Describe the posterior articulation of the ribs.
Definition
Ribs 2-9 articulate posteriorly with its corresponding thoracic vertebra and the vertebra directly below it. Rib 1 articulates only with both thoracic vertebrae 1, and ribs 11 and 12 articulate only with the bodies of vertebrae T11 and T12.

Ribs 1-10 also articulate between the tubercle of the rib and the costal facet of the transverse process of the same numbered vertebra.
Term
What are the true ribs?
Definition
Ribs 1-7 have a direct attachment to the sternum via the costal cartilages. Therefore, they are called true ribs.
Term
What are the false ribs?
Definition
Ribs 8-10 have a single cartilaginous union with the sternum because their costal cartilages fuse into one. Along with ribs 11-12, these are the false ribs. Ribs 11-12 are also known as floating ribs because they have only a posterior attachment. They have no costal cartilages.
Term
Describe an intercostal space.
Definition
Between the ribs are the intercostal spaces, each containing intercostal muscles, blood vessels, and nerves.
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