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BIO 230 Microbiology IV
Endospores
37
Biology
Undergraduate 2
07/17/2009

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Term
Endospore
Definition
Survival structures produced mostly by Bacillus and Clostridium.
Term
Survival of the bacteria.
Definition
Function of the endospore.
Term
Bacillus
Definition
G+ aerobic spore former
Term
Clostridium
Definition
G+ anaerobic spore former.
Term

too hot

too cold

no food

no water

no air/with air

Definition
Five harsh environments that a spore can survive.
Term
sporulation
Definition
Process that produces spores.
Term
vegetative cell
Definition
Spore forming bacteria without a spore is called a ____________.
Term
good environmental conditions
Definition
when spores are produced in the bacteria
Term
forespore
Definition
Copy of bacterial DNA and ribosomes surrounded by cell membrane and cell wall.
Term
Forespore surrounded by 3 protective layers.
Definition
Composition of a spore.
Term
Cortex - protein and calcium
Definition
Innermost protective layer in a spore.
Term
Spore coat ( PG and DPA)
Definition
Second protective layer of a spore.
Term
Exosporium (protein and calcium)
Definition
Outermost protective layer of a spore.
Term
Germination
Definition
3 outer layers of the spore break open and bacteria inside grows again when environmental conditions are favorable.
Term
No direct role. Indirectly, when the spore germinates, then it causes harm.
Definition
Role the endospore plays in causing harm.
Term
Clostridium tetani
Definition
Spores of this spore forming bacteria are found in most large animals' intestines and cause tetanus.
Term

Spores do not germinate in the intestines of animals because of the presence of oxygen.

Spores are expelled in feces

Spores are deposited in soil

 

Definition
Road a Clostridium spore takes to contaminate the environment.
Term
Puncture wound by contaminated object. Spores are germinated in muscle tissue because of the lack of oxygen present.
Definition
How infection from Clostridium tetani occurs.
Term
Clostridium tetani produces a neurotoxin (exotoxin) that blocks cholinesterase and causes constant muscle contraction starting in the face and neck muscles.
Definition
How tetanus causes harm in humans.
Term
Clostridium botulinim
Definition
Gram-positive anaerobe that causes Botulism
Term

Spores are found in animal intestines

Expelled in feces

Spores leach into the soil

 

Definition
How Clostridium botulinim gets into the environment.
Term

Puncture wound - wound botulism (rare)

 

Food grown in infected soil (mostly vegetables and fish) are packaged in cans and jars that are not cooked enough to kill bacteria.

Definition
2 Ways to contract botulism
Term

Spores germinate in can/jar

Bacteria grow and produce exotoxin in food

Neurotoxin gets into blood and nervous system where it blocks acetylcholine

lack of acetylcholine causes flacid muscles

leads to respiratory failure within 48 hrs

Definition
How botulism gets from being in food to causing harm.
Term
Clostridium perfringes
Definition
Causes gas gangrene
Term

spores found in animal intestines

expelled in feces

spores leach into the soil

Definition
How gas gangrene gets into the environment.
Term

Spores enter the body via puncture wound

spores germinate within 48 hours

produces necrotizing toxin (exotoxin)

kills cells and tissue at wound site

Definition
How infection from gas gangrene enters the body and causes harm
Term
tissue softens, is wet and discolored, causes odor, gas is produced, tissue stretches
Definition
Symptoms of gas gangrene
Term
when tissue stretches due to gas gangrene
Definition
crepitation
Term
bacteria spreads and toxin spreads into the blood, reaches abdominal organs, causes necrosis of the organs and risks organ failure
Definition
How gas gangrene can cause death.
Term
Clostridium difficile
Definition
Leading cause of GI infection from necrotizing toxin.
Term

GI infection - ulcers and sores in lining of intestines

Skin infection - mostly immunosupressed hospital patients

Definition
Types of infection caused by Clostridium difficile and their symptoms.
Term
Bacillus anthracis
Definition
Gram positive aerobe that causes Anthrax.
Term
Spores found in deep soil end up on suface and can get onto skin/hair of humans or animals.
Definition
How anthrax is encountered in the environment.
Term
Overfarming, erosion or dry dusty soil.
Definition
How anthrax spores end up on the surface.
Term

Spores can germinate after being inhaled or exposed to skin and bacteria produce necrotizing toxins.

 

Sores on skin, and sores, necrosis and hemorrhage in lungs.

 

Person develops pneumonia and excessive bleeding in lungs.

Definition
How anthrax causes harm.
Term

Clostridium tetani

Clostridium botulinim

Clostridium perfringes

Clostridium difficile

Bacillus anthracis

Definition
5 important spore forming bacteria that cause human infections.
Term
dipicolinic acid
Definition
DPA
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