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Bio 223
Exam 1
84
Biology
Undergraduate 2
02/10/2014

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Term
microbiology
Definition
a specialized area of biology that deals with livin things (some not) ordinarily too small to be seen with the naked eye.
Term
microorganism
Definition
a living thing ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification; an organism of microscopic size
Term
classification
Definition
orderly arrangement of organisms into groups
Term
nomenclature
Definition
system of assigning names
Term
binomial nomenclature
Definition
two name system of naming organisms (latin, greek)
Term
acellular organisms
Definition
viruses
Term
cellular organisms
Definition
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Term
Binary Fission
Definition
the formation of two new cells of approximately eual size as the result of parent cell division
Term
mycology
Definition
the branch of biology dealing with fungi
Term
phycology
Definition
branch of botany dealin with algea
Term
pathogen
Definition
Any agent usually a virus,bacterium, fungus, protozoan or helminth that that causes diseases
Term
genetic engineering
Definition
mainpulate genetics of organisms; plants and animals for the purpose of creating new products
Term
recombinant DNA
Definition
switch DNA from one organism to another
Term
lactic acid bacteria
Definition
bacteria usually found in decomposing plants/ lactic products, inhibits, growth of spoliage agents
Term
curds
Definition
"solid chunks" the coagulated millk protein used in cheese making
Term
whey
Definition
the residual fluid from milk coagultaion that seperates from the solified curd
Term
rennin
Definition
the enzyme casein coagulase, which is used to produce curd in the processing of milk and cheese
Term
curdling
Definition
products causing milk to seperate into curds and whey
Term
scientific method
Definition
general approach taken by scientists to explain a certain natural phenomenon
Term
hypothesis
Definition
a tentative explination or statment to account for what is observed or measured what is observed or measured
Term
theory
Definition
Hypothesis backed by growning data
Term
spontaneous generation
Definition
Life could arise from non living matter
Term
cell theory
Definition
1840's schwann and schleiden "all living things are made of cells"
Term
biogenesis
Definition
-1850s
-virchow
-living cells comes from pre existing cells
Term
fermentation
Definition
organisms convert sugar into alcohol or acid (vinegar)
Term
pasteurization
Definition
to kill pathogens by heat, some spoilage organisms stays
Term
germ theory of disease
Definition
theory that microbes can invade other organisms and cause disease
Term
koch's postulates
Definition
1875 set of procedures to determine if a microbe cause a certain disease
Term
aspectic technique
Definition
set of procedures used to minimize contamination by microbes from the enviorment
Term
chemotherapy
Definition
treatment of disease by the use of chemical substances
Term
synthetic drugs
Definition
chemical substance made in the lab
Term
antibiotics
Definition
chemical substances made by microbes
Term
General Sizes of microbes
Definition
Mold mm
amoeba/cells um
bacteria um
virus/flagella/protien/dna nm
amino acid/ atom .nm
Term
Bacteria
Definition
microbes
unicelluar
morphology
reproduction:binary fission
nutrition: aborbs
motility: some flagella
cell wall: eubacteria peptidolycan
archaea: no peptido
Term
Protozoa
Definition
unicellular
reproduction: asexual/ sexual
Cell wall: none
Nutrition: absorb
motility: pseudopods, cilia, flagella
Term
viruses
Definition
acellular
very small (nm)
electron microscope
parasite
core/capsid: nucleic acids (DNA/RNA), protien coat
some envelope around capsid
Term
3 domains in the woese-fox system of classification?
Definition
bacteria, archea, eukarya
Term
which domain are fungi members of?
Definition
eukarya
Term
which domain are protozoa members of?
Definition
Eukarya
Term
which domain are algea apart of?
Definition
Eukarya
Term
which domain is e. coli apart of?
Definition
bacteria
Term
Which domain are viruses apart of?
Definition
none because they are non living infectious agents
Term
Assigning names to microbes
Definition
-Binomial nomenclature: two name system of naming organisms (latin, greek)
-two names: genus, species
-underlined or italized
-Genus first letter is always capitalized
-species not capitalized
-once mentioned genus name shortened
EX:
Staphylococcus aureus
S. aureus
Term
Archea
Definition
-rRNA closer to Eukarya
-no peptidoglycan
-no spores
-asexual reproduction:binary fission, fragment, budding
-extremophiles
Term
types of archea
Definition
psychrophilic: cold loving
hyperthermophiles:extreme heat loving
extreme halophiles: red pigment to make ATP on herring, red sea
Term
fungi
Definition
-multicellular/ unicellular
-reproduction: asexular/sexual
-nutrition: absorbed
-cell wall:chitin
Term
algea
Definition
-unicellular/ some multi
-reproduction: sexual/ asexual
-Nutrition: photosynthesis
cell wall: cellulose
Term
eukaryotes
Definition
organisms whose genetic material is enclosed in nucleus (fungi, protozoa, algea)
Term
prokaryotes
Definition
organisms whose genetic material is not enclosed in membrane and lack specific organelles (bacteria)
Term
what is the difference between archea and bacteria? similarities?
Definition
similarities: they are prokaryotes (unicellular)
Difference:
-rRNA closer to eukarya
-no peptidoglycan
-no spores
-asexual reproduction
-live in extreme habitats in nature
Term
what are the three general morphological categories of bacteria?
Definition
-coccus (round)
-bacillus (rod)
-coccobacillus (very short bacillus)
Term
name three cellular structures protozoa use for locomotion and for classifying these organisms
Definition
-pseudopods
-cilia
-flagella
Term
are there any known enviorments on earth that do not have some micro organisms living?
Definition
no because they are ubiquitous
Term
what ways are microorganisms are beneficial?
Definition
-decomposition
-production of oxygen
-food
-bread
-alcohol
-medicine/ drugs
Term
what ways do microorganisms affect the world?
Definition
-part of ecosystem (green house gases)
-nutrient recycling
-interactions with other organisms (normal flora, food chain, antibiotics, vaccines)
Term
what are different areas of microbiology?
Definition
-organism function (genetics, ecology, physiology)
-organism affect on health (immunology, public health, pharmaceutical)
-Applied (food, dairy, biotechnology, bioremediation)
Term
what general metabolic process used by microbes aids in food production?
Definition
fermentation
Term
why can cheeses have different tastes and properties even though they are all made from the lactic acid fermentation of milk?
Definition
different microbes give different flavors by different fermentation end products
Term
organisms involved in milk production?
Definition
Lactic acid bacteria (lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, Streptococcus)
Term
organisms involved in yogurt production?
Definition
lactobacillus bulgaricus, streptococcus thermophilus, lactic acid, and acetaldehyde (makes it taste tart)
Term
organisms involved in cheese production?
Definition
lactobacillus, leuconostoc, streptococcus
Term
organisms involved in bread production?
Definition
yeast (saccharomyces cerevisiae)
Term
organisms involved in alcohol production?
Definition
yeast (saccharomyces)
Term
what causes holes in swiss cheese?
Definition
fermenting the remaining lactose produces carbon dioxide bubbles in the cheese.
Term
what typpe of organism causes the blue color in blue cheese?
Definition
fungi (penicillium)
Term
how does wine become sour?
Definition
wine exposed to air, bacteria form, acetic acid
Term
why did the study of microorganisms not offically begin until the 1500s?
Definition
that was when the development of the first microscope was
Term
Redi
Definition
Against spontaneous generation (using flies and meat)
Term
PCR (polymerse chain reaction)amplifying/ copying DNA
Definition
Mullis
Term
Jenner
Definition
Vaccincation for small pox
Term
elrich
Definition
first synthetic antibiotic
Term
Venter & Smtih
Definition
Complete the bacterial genome
Term
Koch
Definition
Germ Theory of disease
Term
Needham
Definition
Spontaneous generation
Term
Fleming
Definition
discovered penicillin
Term
lister
Definition
disinfect surgical wounds
Term
schwann & schleiden
Definition
Cell theory "all living things are made of cells"
Term
pasture
Definition
aspetic technique
Term
van leeuwenhoek
Definition
first to observe live bacteria
Term
hooke
Definition
coined the term cell
Term
virchow
Definition
biogenesis
Term
what were the three theories of how life emerged discussed in lecture?
Definition
-spontaneous generation
-cell theory
-biogenesis
Term
what were the major accomplishments of the golden age of microbiology?
Definition
-fermentation
-pasteurization
-germ theory
-vaccination
Term
why does milk spoil even if it is pasturized
Definition
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