Term
| Lymphatic and Immune Systems |
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Definition
•the body harbors about 10,000 times as many bacterial cells as human cells
•maintain fluid balance
•protect body from infection and disease |
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Term
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Definition
| not an organ system, but a population of cells that inhabit all of our organs and defend the body from agents of disease; composed of a large population of widely distributed cells that recognize foreign substances and act to neutralize or destroy them |
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Definition
| especially concentrated in the true organ system |
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Definition
–fluid continually filters from the blood capillaries into the tissue spaces
•blood capillaries reabsorb 85%
•15% (2 –4 L/day) of the water and about half of the plasma proteins enters lymphatic system and then returned to the blood |
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Definition
–excess filtered fluid picks up foreign cells and chemicals from the tissues
•passes through lymph nodes where immune cells stand guard against foreign matter
•activate a protective immune response |
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Definition
| –lacteals in small intestine absorb dietary lipids that are not absorbed by the blood capillaries |
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Definition
–the recovered fluid
–clear, colorless fluid, similar to plasma, but much less protein
–extracellular fluid drawn into lymphatic capillaries |
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Definition
–transport the lymph
-larger ones composed of three layers:
–tunica interna
–tunica media
–tunica externa |
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Definition
| –composed of aggregates of lymphocytes and macrophages that populate many organs in the body |
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Definition
–defense cells are especially concentrated in these organs
–separated from surrounding organs by connective tissue capsules |
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Definition
–penetrate nearly every tissue of the body
•absent from central nervous system, cartilage, cornea, bone and bone marrow
•gaps between cells are large enough to allow bacteria and cells entrance to lymphatic capillary
–endothelium creates valve-like flaps that open when interstitial fluid pressure is high, and close when it is low |
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Definition
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Definition
| elastic fibers, smooth muscle |
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Definition
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Definition
•lymphatic capillaries
•collecting vessels
•six lymphatic trunks
•two collecting ducts:
–right lymphatic duct
–thoracic duct
•subclavian veins |
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Definition
| receives lymph from right arm, right side of head and thorax; empties into right subclavian vein |
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Definition
| larger and longer, begins as a prominent sac in abdomen called the cisterna chyli; receives lymph from below diaphragm, left arm, left side of head, neck, and thorax; empties into left subclavian vein |
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Definition
| larger and longer, begins as a prominent sac in abdomen |
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Definition
•lymph flows under forces similar to those that govern venous return, except no pump (heart)
•lymph flows at low pressure and slower speed than venous blood
•moved along by rhythmic contractions of lymphatic vessels
•flow aided by skeletal muscle pump
•valves prevent backward flow
•rapidly flowing blood in subclavian veins, draws lymph into it
•exercise significantly increases lymphatic return |
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Term
| natural killer (NK) cells |
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Definition
–large lymphocytes that attack and destroy bacteria, transplanted tissue, host cells infected with viruses or have turned cancerous
–responsible for immune surveillance |
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Definition
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Definition
| –activation causes proliferation and differentiation into plasma cells that produce antibodies |
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Definition
–very large, avidly phagocytic cells of the connective tissue
–develop from monocytes
–phagocytize tissue debris, dead neutrophils, bacteria, and other foreign matter
–process foreign matter and display antigenic fragments to certain T cells alerting the immune system to the presence of the enemy
–antigen presenting cells (APCs) |
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Definition
–branched, mobile APCs found in epidermis, mucous membranes, and lymphatic organs
–alert immune system to pathogens that have breached their surface |
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Definition
–branched stationary cells that contribute to the stroma of a lymphatic organ
–act as APCs in the thymus |
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Term
| lymphatic (lymphoid) tissue |
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Definition
| aggregations of lymphocytes in the connective tissues of mucous membranes and various organs |
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Definition
–simplest form
–lymphocytes are scattered, rather than densely clustered
–prevalent in body passages open to the exterior |
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Term
| lymphatic nodules (follicles) |
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Definition
–dense masses of lymphocytes and macrophages that congregate in response to pathogens
–Peyer patches |
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Definition
| dense clusters in the ileum, the distal portion of the small intestine |
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Definition
–red bone marrow and thymus
–site where T and B cells become immunocompetent |
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Definition
| able to recognize and respond to antigens |
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Term
| secondary lymphatic organs |
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Definition
–lymph nodes, tonsils, and spleen
–immunocompetent cells populate these tissues |
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Definition
-involved in hemopoiesis and immunity
–as blood cells mature, they push their way through the reticular and endothelial cells to enter the sinus and flow away in the blood stream |
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Definition
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Definition
–member of the endocrine, lymphatic, and immune systems
–houses developing lymphocytes
–secretes hormones regulating their activity
–bilobed organ located in superior mediastinum between the sternum and aortic arch
–degeneration or involution with age |
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Definition
| interleukins and interferon |
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Definition
–the most numerous lymphatic organs
–about 450 in typical young adult
–serve two functions:
•cleanse the lymph
•act as a site of T and B cell activation |
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Definition
-divided into cortex and medulla
–germinal centers where B cells multiply and differentiate into plasma cells |
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Term
| several afferent lymphatic vessels |
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Definition
-lead into the node along its convex surface
–lymph leaves the node through one to three efferent lymphatic vessels that leave the hilum |
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Definition
–deep and superficial group in the neck
–monitor lymph coming from head and neck |
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Definition
–concentrated in armpit
–receive lymph from upper limb and female breast |
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Definition
–in thoracic cavity especially embedded in mediastinum
–receive lymph from mediastinum, lungs, and airway |
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Definition
–occur in posterior abdominopelvic wall
–monitor lymph from the urinary and reproductive systems |
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Term
| intestinal and mesenteric lymph nodes |
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Definition
–found in the mesenteries, adjacent to the appendix and intestines
–monitor lymph from the digestive tract |
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Definition
| –in the groin and receive lymph from the entire lower limb |
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Definition
–occur on the back of the knee
–receive lymph from the leg proper |
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Definition
| collective term for all lymph node diseases |
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Definition
| swollen, painful node responding to foreign antigen |
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Definition
-lymph nodes are common sites for this type of cancer
–swollen, firm and usually painless |
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Definition
| phenomenon in which cancerous cells break free from the original, primary tumor, travel to other sites in the body, and establish new tumors |
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Definition
| patches of lymphatic tissue located at the entrance to the pharynx |
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Definition
•pair at posterior margin of oral cavity
•most often infected |
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Definition
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Term
| pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid) |
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Definition
| •single tonsil on wall of nasopharynx |
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Definition
-the body's largest lymphatic organ
-highly vascular and vulnerable to trauma and infection |
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Term
| two types of tissue that the parenchyma exhibits |
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Definition
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Definition
| sinuses filled with erythrocytes |
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Definition
| lymphocytes, macrophages surrounding small branches of splenic artery |
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Definition
–blood production in fetus
–blood reservoir
–'erythrocyte graveyard' -RBC disposal
–white pulp monitors blood for foreign antigens |
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Definition
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Definition
–environmental agents capable of producing disease
–infectious organisms, toxic chemicals, and radiation |
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Definition
| –external barriers, skin and mucous membranes |
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Definition
–several nonspecific defense mechanisms
-leukocytes and macrophages, antimicrobial proteins, immune surveillance, inflammation, and fever
-effective against a broad range of pathogens |
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Definition
–the immune system
-defeats a pathogen, and leaves the body of a 'memory' of it so it can defeat it faster in the future |
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Definition
–guards equally against a broad range of pathogens
–their effectiveness does not depend on prior exposure
–skin and mucous membranes
–leukocytes and macrophages, antimicrobial proteins, immune surveillance, inflammation, and fever |
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Definition
–specific defense because it results from prior exposure to a pathogen
–usually provides future protection only against that particular one |
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Definition
–makes it mechanically difficult for microorganisms to enter the body
–toughness of keratin
–too dry and nutrient-poor to support microbial growth
–defensins
–acid mantle |
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Term
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Definition
| peptides that kill microbes by creating holes in their membranes |
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Definition
| thin film of lactic acid from sweat which inhibits bacterial growth |
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Definition
–digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts are open to the exterior and protected by mucous membranes
–mucus physically traps microbes
–lysozyme |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme destroys bacterial cell walls |
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Term
| subepithelial areolar tissue |
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Definition
–viscous barrier of hyaluronic acid
•hyaluronidase |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme used by pathogens to make hyaluronic acid less viscous |
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Definition
| phagocytic cells with a voracious appetite for foreign matter |
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Term
| The five types of leukocytes |
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Definition
–neutrophils
–eosinophils
–basophils
–monocytes
–lymphocytes |
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Definition
| •wander in connective tissue killing bacteria –phagocytosis and digestion –produces a cloud of bactericidal chemicals •create a killing zone –degranulation •lysosomes discharge into tissue fluid –respiratory burst •toxic chemicals are created (O2.-, H2O2, HClO) –kill more bacteria with toxic chemicals than phagocytosis
-the chief enemy of bacteria, accumulate at the injury site within an hour |
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Definition
| neutrophils rapidly absorb oxygen |
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Definition
•found especially in the mucous membranes
•stand guard against parasites, allergens, and other pathogens
•kill tapeworms and roundworms by producing superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and toxic proteins |
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Definition
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Definition
•secrete chemicals that aid mobility and action of WBC other leukocytes
–leukotrienes
–histamine
–heparin
•mast cells also secrete these substances
–type of connective tissue cell very similar to basophils |
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Definition
| activate and attract neutrophils and eosinophils |
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Definition
–a vasodilator which increases blood flow
•speeds delivery of leukocytes to the area |
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Definition
–inhibits the formation of clots
•would impede leukocyte mobility |
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Term
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Definition
-emigrate from the blood into the connective tissue and transform into macrophages
-the primary agents of tissue cleanup and repair |
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Definition
| all the body's avidly phagocytic cells, except leukocytes |
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Definition
–actively seeking pathogens
•widely distributed in loose connective tissue |
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Definition
-phagocytize only pathogens that come to them
•microglia
•alveolar macrophages
•hepatic macrophages |
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Definition
| macrophages in the central nervous system |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| proteins that inhibit microbial reproduction and provide short-term, nonspecific resistance to pathogenic bacteria and viruses |
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| the two families of antimicrobial proteins |
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Definition
–interferons
–complement system |
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Definition
-secreted by certain cells infected by viruses
–of no benefit to the cell that secretes them
–alert neighboring cells and protect them from becoming infected
–bind to surface receptors on neighboring cells
•activate second-messenger systems within
–alerted cell synthesizes various proteins that defend it from infection
•breaks down viral genes or preventing replication
–also activates NK cells and macrophages
•destroy infected cell before they can liberate a swarm of newly replicated viruses
–activated NK cells destroy malignant cells |
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Term
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Definition
–a group of 30 or more globular proteins that make powerful contributions to both nonspecific resistance and specific immunity
–synthesized mainly by the liver |
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Term
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Definition
•neutrophils and macrophages cannot phagocytize “naked” bacteria, viruses, or other pathogens
•C3b assist them by opsonization
–coats microbial cells and serves as binding sites for phagocyte attachment
–makes the foreign cell more appetizing |
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Term
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Definition
•attract more complement proteins – membrane attack complex forms
–forms a hole in the target cell
–electrolytes leak out, water flows in rapidly, and cell ruptures |
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Definition
| a phenomenon in which natural (NK) killer cells continually patrol the body on the lookout for pathogens and diseased host cells |
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Term
| natural killer (NK) cells attack and destroy: |
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Definition
–bacteria, cells of transplanted organs, cells infected with viruses, and cancer cells
•release proteins called perforins
–polymerize a ring and create a hole in its plasma membrane
•secrete a group of protein degrading enzymes –granzymes
–enter through pore and degrade cellular enzymes and induce apoptosis |
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Definition
| an abnormally elevation of body temperature; an adaptive defense mechanism, in moderation, does more good than harm |
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Definition
–serious disorder in children younger than 15 following an acute viral infection such as chicken pox or influenza
–swelling of brain neurons
–pressure of swelling brain |
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Definition
| local defensive response to tissue injury of any kind, including trauma and infection; a priority is to prevent the pathogens from spreading throughout the body |
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Term
| The general purposes of inflammation |
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Definition
–limit spread of pathogens, then destroys them
–remove debris from damaged tissue
–initiate tissue repair |
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Term
| four cardinal signs of inflammation |
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Definition
-redness
-swelling
-heat
-pain |
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Definition
| class of chemicals that regulate inflammation and immunity |
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Definition
| increasing blood flow beyond normal rate is a way to do this; delivers oxygen, amino acids, and other necessities for protein synthesis |
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Definition
| dilate local blood vessels |
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Definition
| results from hyperemia; if it's increased, it increases metabolic rate, speeds mitosis, and tissue repair |
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Definition
| due to hyperemia, and extravasated RBCs in the tissue |
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Definition
-due to increased fluid filtration from the capillaries
-contributes to tissue cleanup |
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Definition
| from direct injury to the nerves, pressure on the nerves from edema, stimulation of pain receptors by prostaglandins, bacterial toxins, and a kinin called bradykinin |
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Term
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Definition
| attraction to chemicals such as bradykinin and leukotrienes that guide them to the injury site |
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Term
| the two characteristics that distinguish immunity from nonspecific resistance |
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Definition
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Definition
| immunity directed against a particular pathogen |
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Term
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Definition
| when re-exposed to the same pathogen, the body reacts so quickly that there is no noticeable illness |
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Term
| the two types of immunity |
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Definition
–cellular (cell-mediated) immunity: (T cells)
–humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity: (B cells) |
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Term
| cellular (cell-mediated) immunity: (T cells) |
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Definition
•lymphocytes directly attack and destroy foreign cells or diseased host cells
•means of ridding the body of pathogens that reside inside human cells, where they are inaccessible to antibodies
•kills cells that harbor them |
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Term
| humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity: (B cells) |
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Definition
•mediated by antibodies that do not directly destroy a pathogen
•indirect attack where antibodies assault the pathogen
•can only work against the extracellular stage of infectious microorganisms |
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Term
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Definition
| –production of one's own antibodies or T cells as a result of infection or natural exposure to antigen |
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Term
| artificial active immunity |
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Definition
| –production of one's own antibodies or T cells as a result of vaccination against disease |
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Term
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Definition
| –temporary immunity that results from antibodies produced by another person |
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Term
| artificial passive immunity |
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Definition
| –temporary immunity that results from the injection of immune serum (antibodies) from another person or animal |
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Term
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Definition
| any molecule that triggers an immune response |
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Term
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Definition
-to small to be antigenic in themselves
–cosmetics, detergents, industrial chemicals, poison ivy, and animal dander |
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Term
| The major cells of the immune system |
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Definition
–lymphocytes
–macrophages
–dendritic cells |
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Term
| The three categories of lymphocytes |
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Definition
–natural killer (NK) cells –which is used in immune surveillance
–T lymphocytes (T cells)
–B lymphocytes (B cells) |
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Term
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Definition
•site of development:
–group fetal stem cells remain in bone marrow
–develop into B cells |
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Term
| Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs) |
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Definition
•T cells can not recognize their antigens on their own
•These are required to help |
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Term
| cellular (cell-mediated) immunity |
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Definition
| a form of specific defense in which the T lymphocytes directly attack and destroy diseased or foreign cells, and the immune system remembers the antigens and prevents them from causing disease in the future |
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Term
| These are thought of as the 'three Rs of immunity' |
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Definition
–recognize
–react
–remember |
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Term
| Attack : Role of Helper T (TH) Cells |
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Definition
| •helper and cytotoxic T cells play different roles in the attack phase |
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Definition
-the only T cells directly attack other cells
–delivers a lethal hit of toxic chemicals
•tumor necrosis factor (TNF) |
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Term
| tumor necrosis factor (TNF) |
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Definition
| aids in macrophage activation and kills cancer cells |
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Term
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Definition
–upon re-exposure to same pathogen later in life, memory cells launch a quick attack so that no noticeable illness occurs
–the person is immune to the disease |
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Term
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Definition
| an antibody is a defensive gamma globulin found in the blood plasma, tissue fluids, body secretions, and some leukocyte membranes |
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Term
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Definition
•human immune system capable of as many as 1 trillion different antibodies
•accustomed to "one gene, one protein" thinking
•35,000 genes in human genome |
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Term
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Definition
| –antibodies mask pathogenic region of antigen |
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Term
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Definition
–antigen binds to IgM or IgG, antibody changes shape, initiates complement binding which leads to inflammation, phagocytosis, immune clearance, or cytolysis
–primary defense against foreign cells, bacteria, and mismatched RBCs |
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Term
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Definition
| –antibody has 2-10 binding sites; binds to multiple enemy cells immobilizing them from spreading |
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Term
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Definition
| –antibody binds antigen molecules (not cells); creates antigen-antibody complex that precipitates, phagocytized by eosinophils |
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Term
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Definition
| immune reaction brought about by the first exposure to an antigen |
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Term
| secondary (anamnestic) response |
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Definition
| if re-exposed to the same antigen |
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Term
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Definition
| an excessive immune reaction against antigens that most people tolerate |
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Term
| Type I (acute) Hypersensitivity |
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Definition
| examples: food allergies and asthma–local inflammatory reaction to inhaled allergens |
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Term
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Definition
–immediate, severe reaction Type I reaction
–if it's local, it can be relieved with antihistamines |
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Term
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Definition
–severe, widespread acute hypersensitivity that occurs when an allergen is introduced to the bloodstream of an allergic individual
–characterized by bronchoconstriction, dyspnea (labored breathing), widespread vasodilation, circulatory shock, and sometimes death
–epinephrine relieves the symptoms by dilating bronchioles, increasing cardiac output, and restoring blood pressure |
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Term
| Type II Hypersensitivity (Antibody- Dependent Cytotoxic) |
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Definition
| examples: blood transfusion reaction, pemphigus vulgaris, and some drug reactions |
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Term
| Type III Hypersensitivity (Immune Complex) |
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Definition
| examples: autoimmune diseases -acute glomerulonephritis and in systemic lupus erythematosus, a widespread inflammation of the connective tissues |
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Term
| Type IV Hypersensitivity (Delayed) |
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Definition
| examples: haptens in cosmetics and poison ivy, graft rejection, TB skin test, beta cell destruction that causes type I diabetes mellitus |
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Term
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Definition
-failures of self-tolerance
•immune system fails to distinguish self-antigens from foreign ones
–produces autoantibodies that attack the body's own tissues |
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Term
| Immunodeficiency Diseases |
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Definition
| immune system fails to react vigorously enough |
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Term
| Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease (SCID) |
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Definition
–hereditary lack of T and B cells
–vulnerability to opportunistic infection and must live in protective enclosures |
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Term
| Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) |
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Definition
| –nonhereditary diseases contracted after birth •group of conditions that involve and severely depress the immune response •caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) •by destroying TH cells, HIV strikes at the central coordinating agent of nonspecific defense, humoral immunity, and cellular immunity •incubation period ranges from several months to 12 years –person susceptible to opportunistic infections (Toxoplasma, Pneumocystis, herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, or tuberculosis) |
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Term
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Definition
•through blood, semen, vaginal secretions, breast milk, or across the placenta
•most common means of transmission
–sexual intercourse (vaginal, anal, oral)
–contaminated blood products
–contaminated needles |
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