Term
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Definition
| consists of the heart, blood vessels and blood |
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Term
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Definition
| refers only to the heart and blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| functions of circulatory system |
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Definition
| –transport •O2, CO2, nutrients, wastes, hormones, and stem cells –protection •inflammation, limit spread of infection, destroy microorganisms and cancer cells, neutralize toxins, and initiates clotting –regulation •fluid balance, stabilizes pH of ECF, and temperature control |
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Term
| Components and General Properties of Blood |
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Definition
•adults have 4-6 L of blood
•a liquid connective tissue
–plasma
–formed elements |
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Term
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Definition
| consisting of cells and extracellular matrix |
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Term
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Definition
–liquid portion of blood
–matrix of blood
•a clear, light yellow fluid |
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Definition
-blood cells and cell fragments
•red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets |
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Term
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Definition
•red blood cells (RBCs)
•insufficient RBCs may kill in few minutes due to lack of oxygen to tissues
–lose nearly all organelles during development
•lack mitochondria
•lack of nucleus and DNA
–no protein synthesis or mitosis
–blood type determined by surface glycoprotein and glycolipids
–cytoskeletal proteins (spectrin and actin) give membrane durability and resilience
•stretch and bend as squeeze through small capillaries |
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Term
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Definition
•cell fragments from special cell in bone marrow
-play an important role in all three hemostatic mechanisms
-small fragments of megakaryocyte cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| granulocytes (with granules) |
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Definition
–neutrophils
–eosinophils
–basophils |
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Term
| agranulocytes (without granules) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-centrifuge blood to separate components
–erythrocytes are heaviest and settle first
–white blood cells and platelets
•buffy coat
–plasma
•the remainder of volume |
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Term
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Definition
–remaining fluid when blood clots and the solids are removed
-identical to plasma except for the absence of fibrinogen |
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Term
| 3 major categories of plasma proteins |
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Definition
–albumins
–globulins (antibodies)
–fibrinogen |
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Term
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Definition
–smallest and most abundant
•contributes to viscosity and osmolarity, influences blood pressure, flow and fluid balance |
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Definition
•provide immune system functions
•alpha, beta and gamma globulins |
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Term
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Definition
| •precursor of fibrin threads that help form blood clots |
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Term
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Definition
-formed by liver
–except globulins (produced by plasma cells) |
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Term
| Nonprotein Components of Plasma |
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Definition
| •nitrogenous compounds •nutrients •dissolved O2, CO2, and nitrogen •electrolytes |
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Term
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Definition
–free amino acids
•from dietary protein or tissue breakdown
–nitrogenous wastes (urea)
•toxic end products of catabolism
•normally removed by the kidneys |
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Definition
| –glucose, vitamins, fats, cholesterol, phospholipids, and minerals |
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Term
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Definition
| –Na+ makes up 90% of plasma cations |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-resistance of a fluid to flow, resulting from the cohesion of its particles
–whole blood 4.5 -5.5 times as viscous as water
–plasma is 2.0 times as viscous as water
•important in circulatory function |
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Term
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Definition
| -the total molarity of those dissolved particles that cannot pass through the blood vessel wall |
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Term
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Definition
–deficiency of plasma proteins
•extreme starvation
•liver or kidney disease
•severe burns |
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Term
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Definition
–children with severe protein deficiency
•fed on cereals once weaned
–thin arms and legs
–swollen abdomen |
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Term
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Definition
-adult production of 400 billion platelets, 200 billion RBCs and 10 billion WBCs every day
–the production of blood, especially its formed elements |
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Definition
-produce blood cells
–yolk sac produces stem cells for first blood cells
–red bone marrow produces all seven formed elements
•pluripotent stem cells (PPSC) |
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Term
| pluripotent stem cells (PPSC) |
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Definition
| formerly called hemocytoblasts or hemopoietic stem cells |
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Term
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Definition
| blood formation in the bone marrow |
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Term
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Definition
| blood formation in the lymphatic organs |
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Term
| The two principal functions of erythrocytes |
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Definition
–carry oxygen from lungs to cell tissues
–pick up carbon dioxide from tissues and bring to lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| -major function of RBCs –increased surface area/volume ratio •due to loss of organelles during maturation •increases diffusion rate of substances –33% of cytoplasm is hemoglobin (Hb) •280 million hemoglobin molecules on one RBC •O2 delivery to tissue and CO2 transport to lungs |
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Term
| Erythrocytes and Hemoglobin |
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Definition
| •RBC count and hemoglobin concentration indicate amount of O2 blood can carry –hematocrit (packed cell volume) –percentage of whole blood volume composed of red blood cells |
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Term
| Erythrocyte Production (Erythropoiesis) |
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Definition
•2.5 million RBCs are produced per second
•average lifespan of about 120 days
•erythroblasts (normoblast) multiply and synthesize hemoglobin
•nucleus discarded to form a reticulocyte |
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Term
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Definition
| -key nutritional requirement for erythropoiesis –lost daily through urine, feces, and bleeding •dietary iron: ferric (Fe3+) and ferrous (Fe2+) –absorbed into blood and binds to transferrin for transport to bone marrow, liver, and other tissues -bone marrow for hemoglobin, muscle for myoglobin,and all cells use for cytochromes in mitochondria |
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Term
| Nutritional Needs for Erythropoiesis |
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Definition
| •Vitamin B12 and folic acid –rapid cell division and DNA synthesis that occurs in erythropoiesis •Vitamin C and copper –cofactors for enzymes synthesizing hemoglobin •copper is transported in the blood by an alpha globulin called ceruloplasmin |
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Term
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Definition
| –drop in RBC count causes kidney hypoxemia
•stimuli for increasing erythropoiesis
–low levels O2 (hypoxemia)
–high altitude
–increase in exercise
–loss of lung tissue in emphysema |
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Term
| Erythrocytes Death and Disposal |
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Definition
•RBCs lyse in narrow channels in spleen
•macrophages in spleen
–digest membrane bits
–separate heme from globin |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| primary polycythemia (polycythemia vera) |
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Definition
| •cancer of erythropoietic cell line in red bone marrow |
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Term
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Definition
| •from dehydration, emphysema, high altitude, or physical conditioning |
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Term
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Definition
–increased blood volume, pressure, viscosity
•can lead to embolism, stroke or heart failure |
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Term
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Definition
–inadequate erythropoiesis or hemoglobin synthesis
–hemorrhagic anemias from bleeding
–hemolytic anemias from RBC destruction |
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Term
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Definition
| slowing of erythropoiesis |
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Term
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Definition
| complete cessation of erythropoiesis |
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Term
| three potential consequences of anemia |
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Definition
–tissue hypoxia and necrosis
•shortness of breath upon exertion
•life threatening necrosis of brain, heart, or kidney
–blood osmolarity is reduced producing tissue edema
–blood viscosity is low
•heart races and pressure drops |
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Term
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Definition
-discovered blood types A, B and O in 1900
–won Nobel Prize |
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Term
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Definition
–complex molecules on surface of cell membrane that are unique to the individual
•used to distinguish self from foreign
•foreign antigens generate an immune response
•agglutinogens |
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Term
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Definition
| antigens on the surface of the RBC that is the basis for blood typing |
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Term
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Definition
–proteins (gamma globulins) secreted by plasma cells
•part of immune response to foreign matter
•bind to antigens and mark them for destruction
•forms antigen-antibody complexes
•agglutinins |
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Term
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Definition
antibodies in the plasma that bring about transfusion mismatch
–found in plasma |
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Term
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Definition
–antibody molecule binding to antigens
–causes clumping of red blood cells |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| person has both A and B antigens; rarest blood type; known as the universal recipient; lacks plasma antibodies; no anti-A or B |
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Term
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Definition
person has neither antigen; most common
blood type; known as the universal donor; lacks RBC antigens; donor’s plasma may have both antibodies against recipient’s RBCs (anti-A and anti-B) |
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Term
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Definition
| the most reactive agglutinogens and a patient is considered blood type Rh+ if they have D antigen (agglutinogens) on RBCs |
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Term
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Definition
-60-70%
-polymorphonuclear leukocytes
-barely-visible granules in cytoplasm; 3 to 5 lobed nucleus
-increased numbers in bacterial infections |
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Term
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Definition
-2-4%
-large rosy-orange granules; bilobed nucleus
-increased numbers in parasitic infections, collagen diseases, allergies, diseases of spleen and CNS
–release enzymes to destroy large parasites |
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Term
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Definition
-<1%
-large, abundant, violet granules (obscure a large S-shaped nucleus)
-increased numbers in chicken pox, sinusitis, diabetes)
–secrete histamine
–secrete heparin |
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Term
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Definition
-25-33%
-variable amounts of bluish cytoplasm (scanty to abundant); ovoid/round, uniform dark violet nucleus
-increased numbers in diverse infections and immune responses
–destroy cells (cancer, foreign, and virally infected cells)
–“present” antigens to activate other immune cells
–coordinate actions of other immune cells
–secrete antibodies and provide immune memory
-provide long-term immunity (decades) being continuously recycled from blood to tissue fluid to lymph and back to the blood |
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Term
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Definition
-3-8%
-largest WBC; ovoid, kidney-, or horseshoe-shaped nucleus
-increased numbers in viral infections and inflammation
–leave bloodstream and transform into macrophages
•phagocytize pathogens and debris
•“present” antigens to activate other immune cells -antigen presenting cells (APCs)
-leave in 20 hours, transform into macrophages and live for several years |
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Term
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Definition
| speeds flow of blood to an injured area |
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Term
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Definition
| promotes the mobility of other WBCs in the area |
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Term
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Definition
| production of white blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
| stores and releases granulocytes and monocytes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| high WBC count above 10,000 |
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Term
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Definition
| cancer of hemopoietic tissue that usually produces an extraordinary high number of circulating leukocytes and their precursors |
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Term
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Definition
–the cessation of bleeding
–stopping potentially fatal leaks |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| three hemostatic mechanisms |
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Definition
–vascular spasm
–platelet plug formation
–blood clotting (coagulation) |
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Term
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Definition
–secrete vasoconstrictors that help reduce blood loss
–stick together to form platelet plugs to seal small breaks
–secrete procoagulants or clotting factors promote clotting
–initiate formation of clot-dissolving enzyme
–chemically attract neutrophils and monocytes to sites of inflammation
–phagocytize and destroy bacteria
–secrete growth factors that stimulate mitosis to repair blood vessels |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
–repeatedly replicate DNA without dividing
–forms gigantic cell called megakaryocyte with a multilobed nucleus |
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Definition
| live in bone marrow adjacent to blood sinusoids |
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Term
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Definition
-prompt constriction of a broken vessel
–most immediate protection against blood loss |
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Term
| the causes of vascular spasm |
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Definition
–pain receptors
–smooth muscle injury
–platelets release serotonin (vasoconstrictor) |
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Term
| the effects of vascular spasm |
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Definition
| –prompt constriction of a broken vessel |
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Term
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Definition
| •endothelium smooth, coated with prostacyclin –a platelet repellant |
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Term
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Definition
-last and most effective defense against bleeding
–conversion of plasma protein fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin threads to form framework of clot |
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Term
| procoagulants (clotting factors) |
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Definition
| usually produced by the liver, are present in plasma |
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Term
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Definition
-extrinsic pathway
-intrinsic pathway
-calcium required for either pathway |
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Term
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Definition
–initiated by release of tissue thromboplastin (factor III) from damaged tissue
–cascade to factor VII, V and X (fewer steps) |
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Term
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Definition
–initiated by platelets releasing Hageman factor (factor XII )
–cascade to factor XI to IX to VIII to X |
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Term
| Completion of Coagulation |
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Definition
•activation of factor X
–leads to production of prothrombin activator
•prothrombin activator
–converts prothromb into thrombin
•thrombin
–converts fibrinogen into fibrin
•positive feedback -thrombin speeds up formation of prothrombin activator |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| heparin (from basophils and mast cells) |
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Definition
| -interferes with formation of prothrombin activator |
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Term
| antithrombin (from liver) |
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Definition
| -deactivates thrombin before it can act on fibrinogen |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
–family of hereditary diseases characterized by deficiencies of one factor or another
-physical exertion causes bleeding and excruciating pain |
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Term
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Definition
| masses of clotted blood in the tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal clotting in unbroken vessel |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| clot may break free, travel from veins to lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| anything that can travel in the blood and block blood vessels |
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Term
| infarction (tissue death) |
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Definition
| may occur if clot blocks blood supply to an organ (MI or stroke) |
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