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BIO 211 Chapter 5
An Introduction to Carbohydrates
14
Biology
Undergraduate 2
12/14/2010

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Term
alpha is ____ and beta is ____
Definition
down; up
Term
starch
Definition
main storage form of glucose in plants
Term
glycogen
Definition
main storage form of glucose in animals
Term
cellulose
Definition
plant cell walls
Term
chitin
Definition
insect exoskeleton; cell walls of fungi and algae
Term
peptidoglycan
Definition
bacteria cell walls
Term
glycosidic bond
Definition
• covalent bond between monosaccharides created by a condensation reaction
• make polysaccharides
Term
2 variables in making glycosidic bonds
Definition
• location of the glycosidic bond can vary depending on which two hydroxyl groups interact (1,4 glycosidic bonds vs. 1,6 glycosidic bonds)
• orientation of the glycosidic bond (α vs. β glycosidic bonds)
Term
glycosidic bonds are analogous to _____ and _____
Definition
• peptide bonds that hold proteins together and phosphodiester bonds that connect nucleotides in nucleic acids
• important difference: peptide and phosphodiester bonds always form at the same location in their monomers. But because glycosidic linkages form between hydroxyl groups, and because every monosaccharide contains at least two hydroxyl groups, the location and geometry of glycosidic linkages can vary widely among polysaccharides
Term
glycoprotein
Definition
o protein that is covalently bonded to a carbohydrate – usually the relatively short chains of sugars called oligosaccharides
• key molecules in cell-cell recognition
Term
phosphorylase
Definition
most important enzyme involved in catalyzing the hydrolysis of α-glycosidic linkages in glycogen
Term
amylase
Definition
breaks down starch
Term
carbohydrate
Definition
• molecule with a carbonyl (C=O) and several hydroxyl (-OH) functional groups, along with several to many C-H bonds
• involved in cell-cell recognition
Term
role of carbohydrates
Definition
provide fibrous structural materials, indicate cell identity, and store chemical energy
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