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| vital to the integrity of personality and intellectual function |
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| withholding sensory stimulation |
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a structure specialized to detect a stimulus
–bare nerve ending |
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–the conversion of one form of energy to another
–fundamental purpose of any sensory receptor |
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–a subjective awareness of the stimulus
–most sensory signals delivered to the CNS produce no conscious sensation |
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| –thermoreceptors, photoreceptors, nociceptors, chemoreceptors, and mechanoreceptors |
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–exteroceptors
–interoceptors
–proprioceptors |
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| sense body position and movements |
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| Classification of Receptors |
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Definition
•by modality
•by origin of stimuli
•by distribution |
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–general (somesthetic) senses
–special senses |
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| general (somesthetic) senses |
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limited to head
•vision, hearing, equilibrium, taste, and smell |
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| –for pain and temperature |
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| –for light touch and texture |
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| –wrap around base hair follicle |
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| discomfort caused by tissue injury or noxious stimulation, and typically leading to evasive action |
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| lost in diabetes mellitus |
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| from skin, muscles and joints |
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-from the viscera
–stretch, chemical irritants or ischemia of viscera (poorly localized) |
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| most potent pain stimulus known |
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| pain in viscera often mistakenly thought to come from the skin or other superficial site |
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| analgesic (pain-relieving) |
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Definition
| mechanisms of CNS just beginning to be understood |
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Definition
–sensation that results from action of chemicals on taste buds
–4000 -taste buds mainly on tongue
–inside cheeks, and on soft palate, pharynx, and epiglottis |
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•only neurons in the body directly exposed to the external environment
–have a lifespan of only 60 days |
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•action potential travels to brain
•olfactory receptors adapt quickly
–due to synaptic inhibition in olfactory bulbs
•some odorants act on nociceptors of the trigeminal nerve
–ammonia, menthol, chlorine, and capsaicin of hot peppers |
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Definition
–human body odors may affect sexual behavior
–a person's sweat and vaginal secretions affect other people's sexual physiology
•dormitory effect
–presence of men seems to influence female ovulation
–ovulating women's vaginal secretions contain pheromones called copulines, that have been shown to raise men's testosterone level |
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Definition
a response to vibrating air molecules
-sense reside in the inner ear |
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the sense of motion, body orientation, and balance; coordination, balance, and orientation in three-dimensional space
-sense reside in the inner ear |
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| a maze of fluid-filled passages and sensory cells; vibrations converted to nerve signals |
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–any audible vibration of molecules
–a vibrating object pushes on air molecules
–in turn push on other air molecules
–air molecules hitting eardrum cause it to vibration |
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| our sense of whether a sound is "high" or "low" |
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| the perception of sound energy, intensity, or amplitude of the vibration |
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| (middle ear infection) is common in children |
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-acoustic organ
–converts vibrations into nerve impulses |
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| •for sounds to carry meaning, we must distinguish between loudness and pitch |
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| conditions interfere with transmission of vibrations to inner ear |
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| fusion of auditory ossicles that prevents their free vibration |
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| sensorineural (nerve) deafness |
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| death of hair cells or any nervous system elements concerned with hearing |
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| constitutes receptors for equilibrium |
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| •detect only angular acceleration |
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•anterior saccule and posterior utricle
•responsible for static equilibrium and linear acceleration |
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| the perception of the orientation of the head when the body is stationary |
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| perception of motion or acceleration |
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| detected by the three semicircular ducts |
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| perception of objects in the environment by means of the light that they emit or reflect |
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Definition
–visible electromagnetic radiation
–must cause a photochemical reaction to produce a nerve signal |
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| three principal components of the eyeball |
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Definition
–three layers (tunics)
–optical component
–neural component |
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| form the wall of the eyeball |
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| the retina and optic nerve |
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| colored diaphragm controlling size of pupil, its central opening |
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| cells on visual axis of eye (3 mm) |
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| center of macula; finely detailed images due to packed receptor cells |
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| elevated pressure within the eye due to obstruction of scleral venous sinus and improper drainage of aqueous humor |
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-pupillary constriction in response to light
–consensual light reflex because both pupils constrict even if only one eye is illuminated |
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| the bending of light rays |
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| refracts light more than lens does |
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night -scotopic vision or monochromatic vision
-contain visual pigment -rhodopsin |
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color, photopic, or day vision
-contain photopsin |
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| Color Vision Photopic System |
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| have well developed color vision |
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| have a hereditary atteration or lack of one photopsin or another |
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depth perception
–requires two eyes with overlapping visual fields which allows each eye to look at the same object from different angles |
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| ability to judge distance to objects |
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| has eyes on sides of head (horse or rodents –alert to predators but no depth perception) |
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Definition
| cross blood-brain barrier and block nervous transmission through the brainstem |
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Definition
| Novocain, tetracaine selectively deaden specific nerves |
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