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Bio 20B- Chapter 34 (Sadava)
Plants and Cells Tissues
106
Biology
Undergraduate 3
11/07/2010

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Term
Root System
Definition
anchors the plant in place, absorbs water and dissolves minerals, and the products of photosynthesis from the shoot system. Etreme branching. High surface area to volume ratio --> efficient nutrient, mineral, and H2O absorption from soil.
Term
Shoot System
Definition
consists of the stems, leaves, and flowers
Term
Leaves
Definition
the chief organ of photosynthesis
Term
Stems
Definition
hold and display the leaves to the sun and provide connections for the transport of materials between roots and leaves, as well as hold the sexual organs (flowers).
Term
Monocot
Definition
generally narrow leaved flowering plants
Ex: grasses, lillies, orchids, and palms
Term
Eudicots
Definition
broad leaved flowering plants
Ex: soybeans, roses, sunflowers, and maples
Term
Radicle
Definition
the embryonic root where the root system of the angiosperm originates
Term
Taproot
Definition
A root system typical of eudicots consisting of a primary root (taproot) that extends downwards by tip growth and outward by initiating lateral roots. (contrasts fibrous root system)
Term
Lateral Root
Definition
a root extending outward from the taproot in a taproot system; typical typical of eudicot.
Term
Taproot System-
Definition
A root system typical of eudicots consisting of a primary root (taproot). That extends downward by tip growthand outward by initiating lateral roots.
Term
Adventitious roots
Definition
from ground level or below, the roots of a typical primary monocot.
Term
Fibrous root system
Definition
a root system of monocots composed of numerous thin thin adventitious roots that are all roughly equal in diameter. (Contrasts taproot)
Term
Prop roots
Definition
roots that come out of the plant that help support the shoot and growth of the monocot plant.
Term
Bud
Definition
an undeveloped shoot that may or may not develop further to produce branches or produce
Term
phytomer
Definition
in plants, the repeating modules that compose a shoot, each consisting of one or more leave, attached to one steam at a node; an internode; and one or more axillary nodes.
Term
Node
Definition
point on a steam where a leaf is or was attached.
Term
Internode
Definition
region between two nodes on a plant steam
Term
Axillary Bud
Definition
a bud that forms in the angle axil where the leaf meets a steam.
Term
Terminal Bud
Definition
the bud a the end of a stem of a branch
Term
Phyllotaxy
Definition
the arrangement of leaves along a stem
Term
Tuber
Definition
the underground root portion of the potato that is eaten by humans.
Term
Blade (of a leaf)
Definition
the thin flat portion which is attached to the stem
Term
Petiole
Definition
the stalk of a leaf, it connects the leaf to the steam.
Term
Chlroplast
Definition
an organelle bounded by a double membrane containing the enzymes and the pigments that preforms photosynthesis. Chloroplasts occur only in photo synthesis.
Term
Vacuole
Definition
membrane-enclosed organelle in plants that can function for storage, water concentration for turgor, or hydrolysis of stored macromolecules
Term
Cell Wall
Definition
a relatively rigid structure that encloses cells of plants, fungi, many protists and most prokaryotes and which gives these cells their shape and limits their expansion in hypotonic medium
Term
Central Vacuole
Definition
in plant cells- a large organelle that stores the waste products of metabolism and maintains turgor.
Term
Tonoplast
Definition
the membrane in the plant central vacuole
Term
Middle Lamella
Definition
a layer of poly saccharides that separates plant cells; a shared middle lamella lies outside the primary walls of the two cells
Term
primary cell wall
Definition
in plant cells- a structure that forms at the middle lamella after cytokinesis, made up of cellulose myofibrils, hemicellulosis, and pectins (contrasts 2nd cell wall)
Term
Cellulose
Definition
a straight chain polymer of glucose molecules, used by plants as a structural supporting material
Term
Mricofibrils
Definition
cross linked cellulose polymers, forming strong aggregates in the plant cell wall
Term
Hemicelluloses
Definition
are highly branched polysaccharide chains that extensively cross-link the cellulose microfibrils
Term
Pectins
Definition
are heterogeneous polysaccharides that are more soluble than the other components
- Responsible for the gel quality of fruit and jam
Term
Protoplasts
Definition
the living contents of a plant cell, the plasma membrane and everything contained within it.
Term
Secondary Cell Wall
Definition
a thick, cellulosic structure internal to the primary cell wall formed in some plants after cell expansion stops (contrasts primary cell wall). non- edible by mammals and embedded in lignin's.
Term
Lignin
Definition
a complex hydrophobic polyphenolic polymer in a plant cell walls that cross links other wall polymers, strengthening the walls, especially in wood. (Part of Secondary Cell Walls)
Term
2 ways plant cells interact to build and maintain complex organisms
Definition
1) cell wall is permeable by water and small mineral ions that reach the plasma membrane
2) The Endoplasmic Reticula of adjacent cells are connected by plasmodesmata, these pass through the primary wall and allow direct communication between plant cells.
Term
Plasmosdesmata
Definition
a cytomlasmic strand connecting two adjacent plant cells.
Term
Basal-apical Axis:
Definition
the arrangement of cells and tissues along the main axis from root to shoot
Term
Radial Shoot Axis
Definition
the concentric arrangement of the tissue systems
Term
Meristems
Definition
the plant tissue made up of undifferentiated actively dividing cells
Term
Four most important differences between Plant Cells and Animal Cells:
Definition
- Cell Wall
- Large Vacuole
- Chloroplasts
- Plasmodesmata (junctions between cells)
Term
Three major types of cells in pants:
Definition
Parenchyma, Collenchyma, and Sclerenchyma cells
Term
Parenchyma cells
Definition
- living at maturity
- thin primary cell walls
- totipotent (can divide and develop into a complete plant)
-large central vacuole
- can take on many shapes
- helps in: photosynthesis, storage, wound healing, asexual reproduction, transport of food water
Term
Collenchyma cells
Definition
alive at maturity
- thickened cell walls in some areas
- serve to stiffen leaves and stems
Term
Sclerenchyma cells
Definition
dead at maturity
- function in sopport and protection
-thick and rigid secondary walls
-infused with lignin
two types: fibers and Sclerids
Term
Vascular tissue
Definition
continuous tissue throughout the plant in which substances are transported
two types:
-Xylem
-Phloem
Term
Xylem
Definition
water and mineral transport, dead at maturity
- distributes water and minerals taken up by the root and distributes to all steams and leaves
two types: Tracheids and Vessel Elements
Term
Phloem
Definition
transports sugars and other organic materials
- alive at maturity
two types of cells:
Sieve tube and companion cells - they function together
Term
-Trachids
Definition
A type of Xylem cell
spindle shaped cells.
- in gymnosperms and other vascular plants
-conduct water upward
Term
Vessel elements
Definition
A type of Xylem cell
- end to end tubes
-more efficient at transporting water
-present in angiosperms
Term
Sieve tube
Definition
In phloem
- the conducting cells
work only when companion cells are present
Term
Companion Cells
Definition
help Sieve tube members function
always functions with Sieve tube
Term
Three main tissues in plants:
Definition
Epidermal, Ground, and Vascular
Term
Simple Tissues:
Definition
one cell type
Term
Complex Tissues:
Definition
more than one cell type
Term
How do plants extend their physical form?
Definition
- Cell division and Cell expansion
Term
Indeterminate Growth:
Definition
open ended growth in plants
Term
Primary Growth
Definition
All plants go through it.
-the lengthening of roots and shoots by continual growth in roots and shoots through branching
Term
Secondary Growth
Definition
Occurs in gymnosperms and dicots
- the increase in girth
Term
Two types of meristem cells:
Definition
apical meristem and Lateral Meristem
Term
Apical Meristem
Definition
start primary growth, giving rise to the primary plant body
- characterized by cell division and cell elongation
Term
Lateral meristems
Definition
start Secondary Growth
- two lateral meristems (vascular cambium and cork cambium)
- contributes to the secondary plant body
Term
Primary Meristems
Definition
Birthed in the Apical meristems of root and shoots
- cylindrical
- three types: protoderm, ground meristem, procambium
- gives rise to three tissue types:
- dermal tissue
- ground tissue
- procambium
Term
Leaf Primordia/ Bud Primordia
Definition
baby leaves/ baby buds
- in the axil of every leaf there is a little bud tissue
Term
Protoplastids
Definition
In meristematic cells
- are undifferentiated organelles that can differentiate into various organelles
Term
Functions of a stem
Definition
-transport and support
Term
Protoderm
Definition
a primary meristem
-becomes epidermis/ dermal tissue
-on the outside of the root
Term
Ground Meristem
Definition
becomes ground tissue
-between the protoderm and procambium
Term
Procambium
Definition
a primary meristem
- becomes vascular tissue
grows in the center of the root
Term
Epidermis
Definition
the outer layer of cells of the protoderm
-provides protection and absorption
most cells become root hairs
Term
Cortex
Definition
- given rise by the ground meristems of the root
- many layers thick
- often unspecialized and often serve as storage depots
- inner most layer of cortex=endodermis
Term
Endodermis
Definition
controls movement of water and move dissolved minerals to vascular tissue
Term
Stele
Definition
In roots
- inward from the endodermis
- is produced by procambium
- consists of three tissues: pericycle, xylem, and phloem
Term
Pricycle
Definition
In the stele of the vascular tissues
- consists of one or more layers of relatively undifferentiated cells
Three important functions:
-can contribute to secondary groth by giving rise to lateral meristems that thicken the root
- the tissue within which the lateral roots arise
- its cells contain membrane transport proteins that export nutrient ions into the cells of the xylem
Term
Pith
Definition
in monocots
- the region of parenchyma cells
lies in the center of the root surrounded by xylem and phloem
- often stores carbohydrates
- found in the stems of dicots and monocots
Term
Vascular bundles
Definition
division of cells in the vascular tissue
- each bundle contains both xylem and phloem
in stems
- DIcots- forms cylinders
-Monocots- they are scattered
Term
Leaves
Definition
Determinate organs
- produced by the shoot apical meristem
Term
Vegitative Meristems
Definition
produces leaves from apical meristem
-develop from the primordia
Term
Phylotaxy:
Definition
Alternate- one leaf per node
Opposite- two leaves per node
Whorled - three or more leaves per node
Term
Tuber
Definition
underground storage organ
-swollen part of the underground stem
- Function: Nutrient storage
Term
Stolons/Runners
Definition
horrizontal
-oriented above ground stems
Function: vegetative reproduction
Term
Rhizozomes
Definition
Horizontal underground stem
-produce ne individuals
Function: Vegetative reproduction
Term
Succulent Steams
Definition
spiracle
low surface surface area to volume ration
Function: water storage
Term
Corm
Definition
the type of stem that a banana has
Term
Thorn
Definition
pointed stem
Function: Protection
Term
Prickels
Definition
outgrowth of epidermis
-randomly place around stem
- on roses
Term
Spine
Definition
modified leaf
-not a modified stem
Term
Lenticle
Definition
tear in bark or epidermis which allows for gas exchange
Term
Mesophyl
Definition
chloropast containing photosynthetic cels on the interior of leaves
Term
Vascular Cambium
Definition
In Leafs
a cylindrical tissue consisting primarily of elongated cells that divide frequently
Function: supplies the cells of secondary xylem and secondary phloem - which eventually becomes wood and bark
Term
Cork cambium
Definition
produces mainly waxy-walled protective cells
-supplies some of the cells that become bark
-
Term
Wood
Definition
secondary xylem

contain two lateral meristem:
- vascular cambium
-cork cambium
Term
How to kil a tree...
Definition
girdling - disrupts phloem and vascular cambium
- stops sugar transport to the roots
Term
periderm
Definition
the outer tissue of the secondary plant body, consisting primarily of cork cambium
Term
Bark:
Definition
al tissues external to the vascular cambium of the plant
Term
Blade
Definition
in a leaf
- expanded portion of the leaf
Term
Petiole
Definition
leaf stalk
-between the stem and the leaf
Term
Sessile
Definition
leaves that do not contain a petiole
Term
Simple
Definition
leaf formation:
- one single blade
-not divided into multiple parts
- can be deeply lobed
Term
Coumpound
Definition
Leaf formation:
-divided into leaflets
two types:
-Pinnately compound and Palmately compound
Term
Pinnately Compound
Definition
leaflets arise from either side of the rachis
-like a feather
Term
Palmately compound
Definition
leaflets diverge from petiole
- like the palm of your hand
- no Rachis
Term
Rachis
Definition
and extension of the petiole
Term
Root functions:
Definition
- Anchorage
-Absorption
-Conduction
- Storage
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