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Bio 207 midterm
midterm terms
84
Biology
Undergraduate 2
03/07/2012

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Term
Taxonomy
Definition
The process of naming and classifying individual species
Term
Phylogenetics
Definition
The science of reconstructing evolutionary history and relationships
Term
Taxonomy of Humans
Definition

Kingdom- Animalia

Phylum--Chordata

Class- Mammalia

Order-Primates

Family- Hominidae

Genus-Homo

Species-Homo Sapiens

Term
Homologous Structures
Definition
Different structures that exhibit internal similarities suggesting a common evolutionary orgin
Term
Analogous Structures
Definition
Structures that appear similar but turn out to evolve in different ways
Term
Covergent Evolution
Definition

The process of adaption that causes different structures to assume similar forms to perform similar functions.

 

eg. Wings of a bird vs wings of a bug

Term
Divergent Evolution
Definition

When a structure may become highly modified as a population adapts to the new environment.

 

ex. bird wings and human arms contain the same bones in similar arrangement but perform different functions

Term
Eukaryotic
Definition
multicellular, contain a nucleus, mitochondria, and other internal structures.
Term
Organelles
Definition
membrane-bound cell parts
Term
Prokaryotic
Definition
Single cell organisms, no nuclei
Term

[image]

 


What kind of cell is this?

What are the small dark structures?

What surrounds the small dark structure?

Definition

Eukaryotic Cell

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Term
What are chloroplasts?
Definition
visible organelles, they trap solar NRG and make sugar
Term
Heterotrophs
Definition
Obtain nutrients from other organisms
Term
Holotrophs
Definition

Eat another organism and digest its whole tissues to release nutrients

 

eg. carnivores

Term
Parasites
Definition
Live inside another organism and absorb nutrients from the host's body fluids
Term
Zygote
Definition
a fertilized egg
Term
Embryology
Definition
The study of an individual organism's development
Term
Radian Symmetry
Definition

Round with a definite top and bottom

 

eg. Cnidaria

Term
Kingdom and Phylum of Sponges
Definition

Kingdom- Animalia

Phylum- Proifera

Term

How to Sponges obtain their food?

Type of symmetry?

 

Definition

They are sessile and obtain food from the water which flows through their pores.

 

Radial Symmetry

Term
Porocytes
Definition
In sponges, tubular cells, allow water to flow from the outside of the sponge to its central cavity, or spongocoel
Term
Spongcoel
Definition
The central cavity in a sponge
Term
Osculum
Definition
Where water exits from the spongocoel
Term
Choanocytes
Definition
Flagellated cells lining the spongocoel in a sponge 
Term

Cnidarians

Cnidaria is what taxon level?

Symmetry?

 

Definition

Phylum

Radial Symmetry

 

Term
Gastrovascular Cavity
Definition

only open at the mouth, digests food by absorbing it through the gastrodermis

 

can ingest food particles larger than single cells

Term
Stinging cells on Cnidarians
Definition
Cnidocytes
Term
What are the two body types of Cnidarians?
Definition

1- Polyps

2- Medusae

Term

What Phylum do Corals belong in?

What Class?

Who else belongs to this class?

Which body type is dominate?

Definition

Cnidarian

Anthozoa

Anemones

Polyps

Term
What is the Hydrozoa life cycle?
Definition

1-egg

2-zygote

3-planula

4-polyp (Reproductive and feeding polyps)

5-Reproductive polyp produces medusa that creat sprem and eggs

Term
What is a Blastula
Definition
hollow ball made from a zygote dividing
Term
Planula
Definition
A solid larva resulting from the continuin mitosis filling the blastula
Term

Which Phylum do Jellyfish belong to?

Class?

Dominate body type?

Definition

Cnidaria

Scyphozoa

Medusae

Term
What is the life cycle of a Scyphozoa?
Definition

1-egg

2-zygote

3-planula

4-Strobila

5-Strobila grow into seperate medusae which create sperm or eggs

Term

Anemones belong to what Phylum?

Class?

Dominating body type?

Definition

Cnidarians

Anthozoa

Exclusively as polyps

Term
Why are Anthozoa structurally more complex?
Definition
Their gastrovascular cavities are subdicided by septa and have a distinct pharynx. Also each coral poly secretes a calcareous exoskeleton.
Term
What are Flatworms, flukes and tapeworms? 
Definition
All belong to the Phylum Platyhelminthes
Term
Characteristics of Platyhelminthes
Definition

Bilateral symmetry

three well- developed tissue layers

Cephalized (Having neural and sensory organs in the head)

Term

Why are flatworms so flat?

 

Definition

sounds like a bad joke...

 

There is no internal fluid to transport materialaround their bodies, so all of the internal tissues must be close to either the epidermis or the gastrodermis.

Term
What class are Free-Living Flatworms?
Definition
Turbellaria
Term

What is the Phylum and Class of flukes?

How do they live?

Definition

Phylum-Platyhelminthese

Class- Trematoda

 

They are internal parasites so they live in the host of a vertebrate

Term
What is the life cycle of a fluke?
Definition

1-eggs are secreated in the host's feces

2- Snails ingest the egg and become a temporary host for the miracidia in the egg

3- The miracidia frow into cercaria which leave the snail and burrow into a fish

4- The cercaria forms a cyst in the fish which is released when a human eats raw fish.

5- fluke develops into an adult and completes life cycle in human host

Term

What Phylum and Class are tapeworms?

Where do they live?

Definition

Phylum-Platyhelminthes

Class-Cestoda

 

They live in the gut of a vertebrate host

Term
How do Cestodas get nutrients?
Definition
They get the already digested nutrients from their host's gut because they do not have their iwn digestive system
Term
Two main body parts of a Cestoda?
Definition

Scolex-has hooks and suckers to act as an anchor

 

Proglottids-reproductive organs

Term
What are Phylum Nematod?
Definition
roundworms
Term
What are Nematodes internal organs suspended in ?
Definition
a Fluid-Filled Pseudocoelom
Term
Which classes in platyhelminthes are parasitic?
Definition
Trematoda and Cestoda
Term
Differentiate between Anterior, Posterior,Ventral, Dorsal
Definition

Anterior- the head end

Posterior-the tail end

Ventral- the belly side

Dorsal-the back side

Term
Differentiate between the Ectoderm and the Endoderm
Definition

Ectorderm-the outer layer of an embryo

Endoderm-the inner layer on an embryo

Term
What is a Protostome?
Definition
Animals who, during development, have a second opening form on the other side of the gastrula which becomes the anus. This creats an efficient one-way digestive sustem.
Term
What are two charateristics of protostomes?
Definition

1-ventral nerve cords

2-doral hearts

Term
Mollusk body plans are made up with what 3 main regions?
Definition

1-Visceral mass

2-mantle

3-foot

Term

What is the larva of a mollusk?

Is it free-living?

Definition

Trochophore

Yes

Term
Oysters, clams, mussels and scallops all belong to what?
Definition

Phylum- Molluska

Class- Bivalvia

Term

What is the basic anatomy of a clam? 

Definition

[image]

Term
Snails, slugs,limpets and nudibranchs belong to what?
Definition

Phylum-Mollusca

Class-Gastropoda

Term
Which Class of Mollusca is terrestrial?
Definition
Gastropods
Term
What is the name of the toothed tongue found in many mollusks?
Definition
Radula
Term
What do Radula's do?
Definition
Gastropods use them to either scrap algae from rocks or to bore through shells of prey and tear off bits of flesh into their mouths
Term
Which class of invertebrates is the largest and behaviorally most complex?
Definition

Phylum- Mollusca

Class- Cephalopoda

Term
Which Cephalopodas have shells ?
Definition
Nautiluses
Term
How do Cephalopods move?
Definition
The force water out of their siphons under pressure, as a means of "jet propulsion"
Term
What Phylum do segmented worms belong to?
Definition
Annelida
Term
What is the larva stage of an Annelid?
Definition
Trochophore
Term
What is the difference between the development of a mullusk and an annelid?
Definition
instead of enlarging in several dimensions the annelid trochophores grow be adding segments at one end.
Term
Earthworms, leeches and marine worms belong to what
Definition
Phylum Annelida
Term
What class do earthworms belong to?
Definition

Phylum-Annelida

Class-Oligochaeta

Term

Know the anatomy of an earthworm

[image]

Definition

1-septa

2-Gizzard

3-Crop

4-Esophagus

5-Pharynx

6-Brain

7-Mouth

Term
Does an earthworm have a true coelom or a pseudocoelom?
Definition
True Ceolom
Term
What are Setae?
Definition
short bristles on the surface of each segment.
Term

Is the crop anterior or posterior to the gizzard?

 

Definition
Anterior
Term

What are parapodia?

What class of worms do you find that have them?

Definition

Fleshy appendages on their segments. look like they have bristles on the end

 

Class Polychaeta

Term
What is the Phylum and Class of Leeches?
Definition

Phylum- Annelida

Class-Hirudinea

Term
What is the largest Phylum?
Definition
Arthropoda
Term
What does Arthropod mean?
Definition
jointed-foot
Term

Name This

[image]

 

 

Definition
A trilobite, and extince arthropod
Term
What are Chelicerae?
Definition
The most anterior appendages on cheliceriforms, mouthparts
Term
What is the taxonomy of horseshoe crabs (up to subphylum)
Definition

Kingdom-animalia

Phylum-Arthropoda

SubPhylum-Cheliceriform

Term
Spiders, daddy-longlegs, mites and scorpions all belong to what?
Definition

Phylum- Arthropoda

SubPhylum- Cheliseriform

Class- Arachnida

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