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BIO 2050
Exam I
83
Biology
Undergraduate 3
02/11/2014

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Term
Biology
Definition
• Biology is the study of life
Term
Cell
Definition
• The cell is the basic unit of life • All organisms are composed of one or more living cells
Term
Bacteria
Definition
• the simplest form of life
Term
Cell Theory
Definition
• the cell is the basic unit of life in which all living organisms are comprised and living organisms can only be derived from pre-existing living cells
• life can only come from life
Term
What Makes a Living Organism (6)
Definition
• cellular organization – one or more cells
• metabolism – production or consumption of energy
• homeostasis – maintaining a stable internal environment or condition(energy metabolizing create homeostasis)
• growth and reproduction
• heredity – all organisms contain DNA parentheses genetic material contains genes for looks and function)
• response to stimuli
Term
Organization of Organisms in the World
Definition
• atom – fundamental element of matter
• molecule – the joining of atoms
• macromolecules – larger and more complex molecules
• organelles – membrane bound structures inside the cell they carry out specific instructions inside the cell
• cell – basic unit of life
• tissue – group of similar cells that function together as one unit
• organs – groups of tissues working together to perform a common function
• systems – groups of organs working together to perform a common function
• organisms – combination of all previously stated
• population – some species(closely related set of organisms that look alike and meet with each other), some location, at the same time
• community – all the populations of the same species living together in the same area
• ecosystem – community plus water and soil (resources)
• biosphere – all life on earth and all places where life exists
Term
Evolution
Definition
• the gradual change in organisms over time
• it is in direct response to natural selection
Term
Natural Selection (Definition and Creators)
Definition
• when populations hereditable variations (differences in certain traits) are exposed to enviromental factors that favor reproductive success of some individual over others(survival of the fittest)
• created by Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace
Term
taxonomy
Definition
the science of naming in classifying organisms
Term
binomial nomenclature
Definition
– all organisms are assigned a two-part scientific name that is derived by the genus and species of the organism.
Term
Classifications of organisms
Definition
Kingdoms
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species
Term
What Keeps Electrons around the Nucleus?
Definition
o The attraction to the positive protons in the nucleus.
Term
Orbitals
Definition
o the path the electrons take around the nucleus
Term
isotopes
Definition
different number of neutrons than the original form
o this is an alternate form of an element that all have the same atomic number but different atomic mass
Term
weighted atomic mass
Definition
– decided by which is the most common form
Term
radioactive isotopes
Definition
the more neutrons the nucleus has the more it becomes unstable and begins to break down and admits radiation these isotopes are called radioactive isotopes and naturally occur
Term
Valence Shells
Definition
The outtermost shell of electron and element is most stable when it is full (either 2 or 8)
Term
Ions
Definition
is a charged atom that has either gained or lost an electron
Term
cations
Definition
o positively charged ions
Term
aions
Definition
o negatively charged ions
Term
Ionic bonds (like Ironic)
Definition
form when to oppositely charged ions come together (like salt)
Term
Covalent Bond
Definition
o the bond created by sharing the electrons
Term
What is the strongest type of bond
Definition
Covalent Bonds with the triple covalent bond being the strongest of them all
Term
How many covelant bonds can you make a one time?
Definition
Three (triple covalent bond)
Term
Types of covalent bonds
Definition
Non-polar and polar covelant bonds
Term
Nonpolar Covalent Bonds (CARBON AND HYDROGEN ARE OFTEN USED)
Definition
o bond where the electrons are being shared equally between two atoms and doesn't form a charge
Term
Polar Covalent Bonds (electronegativity)
Definition
o this is a bond where the electrons are not shared equally and creates a bond based on electronegativity
Term
electronegativity
Definition
a measure of an atoms attraction for shared electrons in a covalent bond
Term
Hydrophilic
Definition
o water loving or anything that can dissolve in water
Term
Hydrophobic
Definition
o cant dissolve in water
Term
What bonds do metals and non metals form?
Definition
ionic
Term
What bonds do nonmetal and nonmetal form
Definition
covelant
Term
Properties of Water (11)
Definition
Cohesive
adhesive
disolving power
best transporting material
high specific heat
Evaporative cooling ability
abosorbs energy
Ice acts as insulator
universal solvent
Helps chemical reactions
Plays a role in pH
Term
What is pH
Definition
is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration
Term
What has a higher hydrogen concentration acids or bases?
Definition
Acids
Term
pH units of measurement
Definition
Each pH unit differs by a multiple of 10x
Term
Acid
Definition
a substance that when added to water increases hydrogen ion concentration and lowers the pH
Term
basic
Definition
lowers hydrogen concentration and highers pH
Term
buffers
Definition
substances that when added to a solution can act as either an acid or a base to help prevent changes in pH both can accept and release hydrogen ions
Term
Four types of Macromolecules
Definition
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids
Term
Polymers
Definition
– longer structures made by linking repeating subunits together with covalent bonds (bond created by the sharing of electrons)
Term
monomer
Definition
– the repeating subunit in the polymer
Term
dehydration reaction (RxN)
Definition
a molecule of water will be removed and a covalent bond formed in place of it (needed to form polymers).
Term
Hydrolysis reaction
Definition
adding water to break a covalent bond
Term
carbohydrate
Definition
they are all made from sugars
Term
monosaccharide
Definition
single sugar – all have the formula (CH2O)N
Term
Pentose
Definition
5 carbon sugar
Term
HEXOSE and importance
Definition
six carbon sugar in which all isomers have the same molecular formula but not the same structural formula
Term
Antonomers
Definition
mirror image of structure
Term
Alpha Glucose
Definition
is when the OH on carbon one is in the opposite plain of carbon six
Term
Beta Glucose
Definition
is when OH on carbon one is the same plain as carbon six
Term
Glycosidic Linkage
Definition
the covalent bond between two sugars
Term
Disaccharides
Definition
two sugar bond
Term
How is the disachride maltose formed
Definition
two glucoses
Term
How is the disachride Sucrose formed
Definition
glucose and fructose
Term
How is the disachride lactase formed
Definition
glucose and glactose
Term
Polysaccharide:
Definition
Long Chain of Sugars Linked by Covalent Bonds and Usually Glucose Molecules
Term
Starches
Definition
Use for Energy Storage
Term
Pectin
Definition
branch of starch that forms when sugars bond between carbons one and six (animal liver and muscle).
Term
Glycogen
Definition
a way to store sugar by forming a highly branched polymer found in animals
Term
Cellulose
Definition
Structural Polysaccharide and Plants Made by Linking Beta Glucose Together.
Term
Chiton
Definition
structural polysaccharide in insects and produces the exoskeleton
Term
Lipids
Definition
• fats, waxes, oils, steroids, pigments
insoluble in water and hydrophobic
Term
types of lipid bonds?
Definition
monounsaturated and polyunsaturated
Term
Saturated fat
Definition
• All Single Bonds That Are Saturated with hydrogen = that on every side of the carbon and forms a nice straight carbon chain
Term
Unsaturated Fat
Definition
• found in plants
• kinky structural formula
• oils
• double bonds on carbon
Term
Hydrogenating
Definition
Converting unsaturated to saturated fat
Term
Trans fat
Definition
Hydrogenating to remove the cis formation (kink in the chain) to create a transfat which is now saturated
Term
How do fats transport in the body?
Definition
adding a protien to create a lipoprotein
Term
Types of cholesterol and impact
Definition
high density lipoprotein (HDL)- Good cholesterol
low-density lipoprotein (LDL) – bad cholesterol
Term
How are phospholipids made?
Definition
has a glycol backbone attached to fatty acid and a choline (phosphate)
Term
amphipathic
Definition
a molecule that is both hydrophobic and phillic
Term
What is the purpose of phospholipid?
Definition
the formation of the phospholipid bilayer (CELL MEMBRANE)
Term
Charecteristics of the cell membrane
Definition
self sealing, self repairing, and flexible.
Term
Seven Functions of proteins
Definition
• Enzyme's
• Structural Proteins (hair)
• storage proteins (eggs)
• transport proteins (cellular level)
• regulatory protein
• Motile protein (mobility and muscles in the body)
• Protection (antibodies)
Term
Most abundant protien in the body
Definition
Collogen
Term
Protien and use
Definition
Almost nothing can be made or done inside the body without protein.
Protein – made from amino acids
Term
Peptide bond (covalent bond)
Definition
links an amino group and a carboxyl group and forms an amino acid.
Term
Polypeptide-
Definition
long chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
Term
Primary Structure of Amino Acids
Definition
– sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain (like spelling with certain amino acids forming in a specific organized group to form a p-r-o-t-e-i-n)
Term
Secondary Sequence of amino acids
Definition
– Polypeptide Will Either Fold into an Alpha Helix or a Beta Pleated Sheef with the alpha helix looking like a spiral and the pleated chief looking like a paper fan.
Term
Tertiary Sequence of amino acids
Definition
the secondary sequence further folds into a 3-D gobbler or fibrous structure. (when she crunches the paper to make a ball with ridges on the outside and those helix/beta structures on the end) this is the stage which amino acids become functional.
Term
Quaternary sequence of amino acids
Definition
when multiple polypeptides fold into their tertiary structure to form a functional protein example hemoglobin – four separate polypeptides to form this protein
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