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BIO 201 FINAL EXAM
ASU final exam bio 201 washo krupps
126
Biology
Undergraduate 2
05/10/2010

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Term
plasma membrane
Definition
is a fluid mosaic
proteins floating in or on phospholipid bilayer
kiinked tails prevent tight packing
Term
Phospholipid
Definition
two sheet like layers
heads- polar- hydrophobic
tails- nonpolar- hydrophobic
Term
components of a membrane
Definition
plasma membrane
phospholipids
protein
cholesterol
glycocalyx
Term
mitochondria
Definition
o Folds in the inner membrane provide a large surface area on which the chemical reactions take place, also semi- fluid called matrix, surrounded by a double membrane
o Function: (power house) generates cell energy, performs cellular respiration, production of ATP from glucose and oxygen, all other processes in the cell use the energy in ATP as fuel.
 Muscle cells- high energy requirements = high amounts of mitochondria
Skin Cells- low energy requirements- low mitochondria amounts
Term
ribosomes
Definition
o Composed of a large and a small subunit, each subunit has a mix of proteins and rRNA
o where proteins are produced
o proteins destined to be embedded in the plasma membrane, sequestered inside vesicles or secreted outside the cell are made in ribosome’s associated with the RER (rough endoplasmic reticulum)
Term
nucleus
Definition
(information center) DNA replication and RNA synthesis
o Largest organelles
o Control center
o Stores all genetic info
o 3 recognizable structures
 Nuclear envelope- contains all the info for making proteins wihin an envelope, the cell can control the passage of signals out of the cytosol, DNA NEVER LEAVES THE NUCLEUS
 Nucleolus- little nucleus, site of ribosomal RNA
 Chromatin- DNA+ histone proteins, the DNA chains are wrapped around proteins to make threads called chromatin, beads on a string
Term
endoplasmic reticukum
Definition
- transport network for molecules
o Smooth ER is continuous with rough ER but lacks ribosome’s, since it lacks ribosome’s, protein synthesis cannot occur in the SER
o SER the site of various synthetic processes, detox and storage
Term
golgi apparatus
Definition
o Looks like stack of pancakes
o Molecular UPS
 Modifies, sorts, ships
 process and package the macromolecules such as proteins and lipids
Term
lysosomes
Definition
contain digestive enzymes, organelles of intracellular digestion.
o Breakdown the four groups of biological macromolecules
o The can engulf and break down: large organic molecules, old organelles, glycogen, bone and whole cells
o Important for recyclining
Term
Peroxisomes
Definition
break down fatty acids and amino acids, neutralize dangerous free radicals and breakdown alcohol
Term
Vacuoles
Definition
store food and waste
Term
tissue repair process (in order)
Definition
inflammation
clot formation
organization
regeneration
Term
inflammation
Definition
damage vessels leak blood, damaged cells and mast cells leak histamine, plasma seeps into wound carrying antibodies
Term
clot formation
Definition
scab forms on surface, macrophages clean up debris
Term
organization
Definition
clot is replaced by granulated tissue, new capillaries grow into wound, and fibroblasts deposit new collagen to replace old material
Term
regeneration
Definition
- replacement of dead or damaged cells with original cells, connective tissue forms only scar tissue (fibrosis), remodeling phase may last 2 years
Term
fibrosis
Definition
replacement of damaged cells with scar tissue (collagen)
Term
epithelial tissue functions
Definition

protection,

sensory perception (skin),

filtration (kidneys),

lubrication, digestion, absorption (GI tract),

secretion (nasal membranes),

 excretion (urinary tract),

reproductive (fallopian tubes)

Term
characteristics of epithelial tissue
Definition
• Avascular
• Extracellular material so thin it is not visible
• Depends on underlying connective tissue
• Cellularity- closely packed cells
• Specialized contacts
• Polarity
• Rests upon CT
• Innervated- nerve fibers
• Regeneration- replacement of lost or damaged cells
Term
connective tissue functions
Definition
connects organs to each other, gives support and protection, energy and heat production, movement and transportation of materials
Term
connective tissue characteristics
Definition
• Most abundant and variable tissue type
• Fibroblasts- produce fibers and ground substance
• Adipocytes- store fat
• WBC’s- function in immunity and tissue repair
• Collagen fibers- called white fibers
• Reticular fibers- thin collagen fibers coated with glucoprotein
• Elastic fibers- yellow fibers
Term
muscular tissue functions
Definition
- movement (whole body, body parts, substances through the body), posture, speech, respiration, heat production
Term
muscular tissue types
Definition
skeletal
cardiac
smooth
Term
skeletal muscle functions
Definition
under voluntary control, movement, facial expression, posture, breathing, speech, swallowing and excretion, Movement, stability, communication, control body openings, heat production
Term
cardiac muscle functions
Definition
heart, involuntary, found in the heart, pump blood, individual cells are called cardiocytes or myocytes
Term
smooth muscle functions
Definition
involuntary, short fusiform cells, swallowing, GI tract functions, labor contractions, control of airflow, erection of hairs, and control of pupil
Term
nervous tissue
Definition
internal communication between cells
Term
types of connective tissue
Definition
loose-
areolar
reticular
adipose


dense-
dense reg
dense irreg

supportive-
hyaline cartilage
elastic cartilage
fibrocartiglage
bone
Term
functions of loose connective tissue
Definition
areolar tissue- fascia between muscles
-reticular tissue- forms supportive stroma for lymphatic organs
-adipose tissue- energy storage, insulation, space filled as cushioning
Term
functions of dense connective tissue
Definition
-dense regular- tendons and ligaments attach to bones and hold bones together
-dense irregular- withstands stress applied in different directions
Term
functions of supportive and fluid connective tissues
Definition
o hyaline cartilage- supports airway, eases joint movements
o elastic cartilage- provides flexible, elastic support
o fibrocartilage- resists compression and absorbs shock in some joints
o bone tissue- physical support, leverage for muscles, mineral storage
Term
where is muscluar tissue found
Definition
 Skeletal- attached to bone, throughout body
 Cardiac- only found in heart
 Smooth- sheets of muscle in viscera, iris, hair follicles, sphincters
Term
distingisihing characteristics of muscle tissue
Definition
 Skeletal- voluntary, striations, multiple peripheral nuclei
 Cardiac- involuntary, in heart only, striations and intercalated discs
 Smooth- involuntary, nonstriated, one central nucleus
Term
hypertrophy
Definition
growth and increase of the size of muscle cells
Term
atrophy
Definition
diminishing of muscle
Term
necrosis
Definition
premature death of a cell
Term
three layers of cutaenous membrane and derma
Definition
  • Epidermis
  • Dermis-
    smooth muscle= piloerector muscles,
    skeletal muscle = expressions, vascular, .2mm to 4mm;
  • 2 dermal layers
    -Papillary
    Loosely organized areolar tissue, allows for motility of WBC’s
    - Reticular
    Deepest 4/5
    Dense irregular connective tissue
    Thick collagen
    adipocytes
  • hypodermis- known as subcutaneous tissue of superficial fasica, binds skin to underlying tissue, more adipose than dermis, energy reservoir, and thermal insulation
Term
skin is compromised of what types of tissue
Definition
*epidermis- keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
*dermis- connective tissue
*hypodermis- subcutaneous layer
Term
layers of the epidermis
Definition
1. stratum basale- deepest layer
2. stratum spinousum- thickest layer, contains more living keratinocytes, alert the immue system to foreign invaders
3. stratum granulosum- 3-5 layers of granule and vesicle containing keratinocytes, cells are dying, release lipids from vesicles, forms a protein lipid epidermal water barrier
4. stratum lucidum- think transclucent zone, no nuclei or organelles, cells are filled with eledin
5. stratum corneum—up to 30 laters, dead scaly keratinized cells, resistant to abrasion, penetration, and water loss
Term
melanin
Definition
stimulated by UV radiation, produces yellow, brown, black, and reddish hues, concentrated in moles and freckles, produced by melanocytes
Term
cyanosis
Definition
blueness resulting from deficiency of oxygen in the circulating blood
Term
jaundice
Definition
yellowing of skin and sclera, due to excess bilirubin in blood
Term
freckles
Definition
flat aggregations of melanocytes, heredity and sun exposure
Term
moles
Definition
elevated melanized skin, sometimes with hair, usually benign
Term
functions of skeletal system
Definition
support, protection, movement, blood formation, mineral reservoir, pH balance, detoxification
Term
types of fractures
Definition

[image]

closed(simple)- skin is not broken -open(compound)- bone protrudes from skin -complete- broken in 2 or more pieces -incomplete- extends only partway -greenstick- one side bent, incomplete fracture on other -hairline- fine crack -comminuted- broken in 3 or more pieces -linear- parallel along the long axis of the bone -transverse- perpendicular to long axis of the bone -oblique- diagonal (between linear and transverse) -spiral- resulting of a twisting stress

Term
hypercalcemia
Definition
excessive blood calcium (rare), depresses nervous system, muscle weakness, sluggish reflexes, cardiac arrest
Term
hypocalcemia
Definition
deficiency of blood calcium, excessive excitability of nervous system, muscle spasms, tremors, tetanus
Term
parathyroid horomone
Definition
released when blood calcium levels are too low, inhibits activity of osteoblasts, stimulates osteoclast multiplication and activity, reduces calcium secretion and increases phosphate seceretion in the urine, stimulates production of an enzyme in the kidneys that carries out the last step in calcitrol synthesis
Term
calcitonin
Definition
secreted by the thyroid gland when calcium concentration rises too high, promotes bone deposition of calcium, reduces osteoclast activity by 70% in 15 mins, increases the number and activity of osteoblasts
Term
osteomalacia
Definition
abnormal softness in bone adults
Term
achondroplasia
Definition
lack of growth horomone
Term
osteomyelitis
Definition
bacterial infection causes inflammation of ossous tissue and bone marrow
Term
osteoma
Definition
benign bone tumor
Term
osteochondroma
Definition
benign tumor of the bone and cartilage
Term
osteosarcoma
Definition
slow growing cancer of hyaline cartilage
Term
red marrow
Definition
produces blood cells, found in axial skeleton and girdles
Term
yellow marrow
Definition
fat marrow of long bones, gelatinous
Term
shapes of bones
Definition
flat, long, short, irregular
Term
epiphyseal plate
Definition
hyaline cartilage plate where bone growth occurs
Term
effects of anabolic steroids during adolescence
Definition
stunted growth
testicular atrophy
increased body hair
heart attacks
liver damage
Term
joints infections, diseases and disorders
Definition
Bursitis- inflammation of bursa
Tendonitis- inflammation of tendon sheaths
Arthritis- a broad term for pain and inflammation
Rheumatoid arthritis- autoimmune attack on joint
Gouty- excess uric acid build up
Term
tendons
Definition
bone to muscle
Term
ligaments
Definition
bone to bone
Term
arthroplasty
Definition
replacing a diseased joint with a fake one
Term
what type of joint most prone to injury
Definition
knee
Term
origin
Definition
where it comes from/originates
Term
insertion
Definition
where it inserts to what it moves
Term
prime mover
Definition
main muscle that moves a certain function
Term
synergist
Definition
aids the prime mover in same movement
Term
antagonist
Definition
muscle that opposes prime mover
Term
infections diseases and disorders of muscle tissue
Definition
 Muscular dystrophy- group of hereditary diseases in which skeletal muscles degenerated and are replaced
 Myasthenia Gravis- autoimmune diease where antibodies attack NMJ and bind Ach receptors together in clusters- woment between ages of 20 and 40
Term
acetycholine
Definition
neurotransimitter basis of muscle movement
Term
reulatory proteins of muscle contraction
Definition
troponin and tropomyosin
Term
structural proteins of muscle contraction
Definition
glycogen
Term
properties of muscles
Definition
 Responsiveness- excitability
 Conductivity
 Contractility- shortens when stimulated
 Extensibility- cabable of being stretched
 Elasticity- returns to its original resting length after being stretched
• relatively large
• smooth/skeletal are multi nucleated
• able to contract longitudinally
• contain myoglobin
Term
rigor mortis
Definition
Stiffening of the body beginning 3-4 hours after death, peaks at 12 hours after death and diminishes over next 48 hours, deteriorating sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium
Term
structural parts of a neuron
Definition
cell body- single central nucleus with large nucleolus
-dendrites- receives signals, vast numbers
-axon- nerve fiber
Term
properties of neurons
Definition
Excitability- highly responsive to stimuli
-Conductivity- producing traveling electrical signals
-Secretion- when electrical signal reaches end of nerve fiber, a neurotransmitter is secreted
Term
oligodendrocytes
Definition
form myelin sheaths in CNS
Term
astocytes
Definition
most abundant diverse functions
Term
ependymal cells
Definition
line cavities and form cerebrospinal fluid
Term
microglia
Definition
areas of infection, trauma, and stroke
Term
schwann cells
Definition
myelinate fibers of PNS
Term
satelite cells
Definition
uncertain function
Term
refractory period
Definition
period of resistance to stimulation
Absolute refractory period- as long as Na+ gates are open
Relative refractory period- is occuring only to a small patch of membrane at one time and happens as long as K+ gates are open
Term
myelinated vs unmyelinated
Definition
myelinated is faster at 120m/sec, unmyleinated is 2.0-15.0m/sec
Term
fastet signal transmission
Definition
large myelinated fibers
Term
infections diseases and disorders of nervous tissue
Definition
 Multiple sclerosis- oligodendrocytes and myelin sheaths of the CNS degenerate, replaced by hardened scar tissue
 Tay-sachs disease- hereditary disorder seen mainly in infants of eastern European jewish ancestry, abnormal accumulation of a glycolipid in the myelin sheath
 Alzheimer disease- memory loss for recent events, mood, combative, lose ability to walk, talk, and eat
 Parkinson disease- progressive loss of motor function beginning in 50’s or 60’s—no recovery
Term
Sensory (afferent)-
Definition
detect changes in the environment called stimuli and transmit info to the CNS (vision, touch, hearing)
Term
Motor (efferent)
Definition
sends signals from the CNS to muscles and gland cells
Term
how many spinal nerves
Definition
31 pairs
Term
functions of the spinal cord
Definition
receives sensory information and relays motor signals to muscles and glands
Term
Regions of the spinal cord
Definition
Cervical-C1-C5, brachial- C5-T1, Lumbar- L1-L4, Sacral L4,L5 and S1-S4, Coccygeal- S4, S5, and c0
Term
meninges
Definition
dura matter
arachnoid
pia
Term
dura matter
Definition
tough collagenous membrane, surrounded by epidural space
Term
arachnoid mater
Definition
layer of simple squamous epithelium lining dura mater and loose mesh of fibers filled CSF
Term
pia matter
Definition
delicate membrane adherent to spinal cord
Term
infections diseases and disorders of the nerves
Definition
 Spina bifida- neural tube defects birth defect due to abnormal development of the neural tube and vertebral column
o Spina bifida cytice- sac protrudes from spine
 Poliomyelitis- pollovirus destroys motor neurons in the brainstem and ventral horn of the spinal cord, muscle pain, weakness, and loss of relexes
 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis- causes unknow, sclerosis of spinal cord due to astrocyte failure to reabsorb glutamate neurotransmitter
Term
reflex arc
Definition
when a sensory receptor is stimulated, signals pass from it along a sensory neuron to the spinal cord. The message travels out of the spinal cord along a motor neuron to the effector organ which acts accordingly
Term
ganglia
Definition
provide relay points and intermediary connections between different neurological structures in the body, such as the peripheral and central nervous systems
Term
medulla oblongota
Definition
– cardiac center, vasomotor, respiratory, reflex center nuclei of sensory and motor CNs (9-12), rate and force of heart, blood vessel diameter, rate and depth of breathing, coughing, sneezing, gagging, swallowing, vomiting, salivation, sweating, movements of tounge and head
Term
pons
Definition
sleep, hearing, balance, taste, eye movements, facial expression, facial sensation, respiration, swallowing, bladder control, and posture, CNs (5-8)
Term
cerebellum
Definition
sensory input, spatial perception, timekeeping, planning, scheduling tasks, distinguish pitch and similar sounding words
Term
frontal lobeof the brain
Definition
conscious thought; damage can result in mood changes
Term
parietal
Definition
integrate sensory info from various senses
Term
temporl lobe of the brain
Definition
senses of smell and sound as well as processing of complex stimuli like faces and scenes
Term
occipital lobe of the brain
Definition
sense of sight
Term
hypothalamus
Definition
hormone secretion, autonomic NS control, thermoregulation, food and water intake, hunger and satiety, sleep, circadian rhythms, memory, mammillary bodies, emotional behavior
Term
hippocampus
Definition
short term memory (part of the limbic system)
Term
limibic system
Definition
emotion, behavior, long term memory, and olfaction
Term
amygdala
Definition
emotion
Term
pineal gland
Definition
endocrine gland that seceretes horomones
seratonin- happy horomone
melatonin- sleep
Term
infections disease and disorders of CNS
Definition
 Aphasia- any language deficit resulting from lesions in the same hemisphere as wernickes and Broca’s area – nonfluent aphrasia- lesion to Broca’s, Fluent Aphasia—lesions to wernickes, anomic aphasia- speech and understanding are normal but text and pictures make no sense
 Cerebral Palsy- muscular in coordination
 Concussion- damage to brain from blow to head
 Encephalitis- inflammation of brain due to infection
 Epilepsy- sudden massive discharge of neurons
 Migraine headache- sever recurring headaches
 Schizophrenia- thought disorder involving delusions
Term
cranial nerves
Definition
Olfactory - smell
Optic - vision
Oculomotor - eye movement
Trochlear - superior oblique muscle
Trigeminal - touch, pain, temperature
Abducens - lateral rectus muscle
Facial - facial expressions, taste
Vestibulocochlear - hearing, balance
Glossopharyngeal - swallowing, salivation, gagging, taste
Vagus - swallowing, speech, major viscera
Accessory - head, neck, shoulder movement
Hypoglossal - tounge movement
Term
functions of the spinal cord
Definition
*conduction – bundles of fibers pass information up and down
*locomotion – repetitive, coordinated actions of several muscle groups
*reflexes – involuntary, stereotyped responses to stimuli
Term
tissues/organs ANS controls
Definition
glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle
Term
types of unconcious processes it controls
Definition
homeostaist (BP, body temp, respiratory airflow)
Term
parasympathetic divison
Definition
rest and digest
Term
sympathetic division
Definition
flight or flight
Term
how the vagus nerve affect the action of the heart
Definition
lower heart rate and BP
Term
which crnaial nerve affect the action of the heart
Definition
vagus
Term
know the 3 routes of sympahetic innervations
Definition

·         Spinal nerve route

o   Effectors in body wall are innervated by sympathetic fibers that travel through spinal nerves

·         Sympathetic nerve route

o   Effectors in head and thoracic cavity are innervated by fibers in specific sympathetic nerves (i.e sweat, nasal, blood vessels)

·         Splanchnic (visceral) nerve route

o   Effectors in abdominal cavity are innervated by sympathetic fibers in splanchnic nerves that lead to 3 major collateral ganglia

§  Celiac, superior, and inferior mesenteric ganglion

 

Term
what does the adrenal medulla secrete
Definition
epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinepherine
Term
what are the 2 effects of dual innervation
Definition
• Agonistic effects- oppose each other
• Cooperative effects- when two divisions act on different effectors to produce a unified effect
Term
Tunics of the eye
Definition
Fibrous tunic- sclera and cornea
Vascular tunic- choroid, ciliary body, iris, and pupil
Sensory tunic- retina
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