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Definition
| Largest molecules such as proteins, fats, and DNA. |
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| a hydrophilic organic molecule. Have a 2:1 ration of hydrogen to oxygen. Includes sugars and starches. As well as monosacharides, disacharides, and glycogen. |
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Definition
| A hydrophobic organic molecule, usually composed pf carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with a high ratio of hydrogen to oxygen. |
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Definition
| Polymers of neucleotides. Includes DNA. |
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Definition
| The smallest unit of an organism that carry out all the basic functions of life |
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| Produce the fibers and ground substance that form the matrix of the connective tissue. |
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Definition
| Engulf and destroy bacteria, other foreign particels, and dead or dying cells. Activate the immune system when the sense antigens. Arise from WBC called monocytes. Are able to migrate and reproduce. |
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Definition
| Travel in the bloodstream and spend most of their time in connective tissue. Attack or react to bacteria. |
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Definition
| Form from lymphocytes that detect foreign objects. Synthesize disease fighting proteins called antibodies. |
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Definition
| Secrete heparin that inhibits blood clotting and histamine which increases blood flow by dilating blood vessels. In connective tissue. |
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Definition
| Fat cells. Mainly filled with globules of triglycerides. |
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| Excitable cells used to communicate instructions to other cells. |
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| Epidermal cells that synthesize keratin. |
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Definition
| Only in the stratum basale of the epidermis. Synthesize melanin. |
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Definition
| Receptors for sense and touch. Found in the basal layer of the epidermis. |
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Definition
| Found in the stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum. They are macrophages the migrate to the epidermis and epithelia. They stand guard against toxins, microbes, and other pathogens and alert the immune system when they detect invaders. |
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Definition
| undifferentiated cells that divide and give rise to keratinocytes. |
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| Stem cells that give rise to most other bone cell types. |
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Definition
| Bone-forming cells. Found on the bone surface under the enosteum and periosteum. Baby cell. |
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Definition
| Former osteoblasts that have become trapped in the matrix they deposited. Reside in lacunae. Connected by gap junctions. Maintains matrix-nonmitotic. |
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| Bone-dissolving cells found on the bone surface. Formed by the fusion of several stem cells. |
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Definition
| The inorganic matter of the matrix of osseous tissue. Consists of calcium satls, calcium carbonate, and calcium phosphate. |
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Definition
| Chondroblasts secrete the matrix of cartilage and become enclosed in lacunae and become chondrocytes. |
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Definition
| Covers the body surface, lines body cavities, forms the external and internal linings of many organs. |
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Definition
| Functions: Binding of organs, support, physical protection, immune protection, movement, storage, heat production, and transport. |
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Definition
| Exert physical force on other tissues and organs. Anything that has to do with movement is muscle tissue. |
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Definition
| specialized for communication by means of chemical and electrical signals. |
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Definition
| Group of atleast two tissues, but usually four tissues designed to perform a specific function. |
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Definition
| Simplest organ made up of two tissues- epithelium and connective tissue. |
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Term
| Types of membranes- wet vs dry and open vs closed |
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Definition
Cutaneous-dry (epidermis)-open
Mucous- wet (digestive)-open
Serous- wet (line cavities)- closed
Synovial-wet (joint capsule)- closed |
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Term
| Functions of the integument |
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Definition
Protection- bacteria and dehydration
Thermal regulation
Immunity
Sensation
Vitamin D synthesis
Social communication |
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Term
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Definition
| Epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis |
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Term
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Definition
| Warmth, dry lubrication, guard hairs, enhance facial expressions |
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Term
| Intramembranous ossification |
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Definition
Developed between two connective tissue membranes.
1. Condensation of mesenchyme into soft sheet permeated with blood capillaries.
2. Deposition of osteoid tissue by osteoblasts on mesenchymal surface; entrapment of first osteocytes; formation of periosteum.
3. honeycomb of bony trabeculae formed by continued mineral deposition; creation of spongy bone.
4. Surface bone filled in by bone deposition, converting spongy bone to compact bone. Persistence of spongy bone in the middle layer. |
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Term
| Endochondral Ossification |
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Definition
1. Early cartilage model
2. Formation of primary ossification center, bony collar, and periosteum. Chondrocytes die.
3. Vascular invasion, formation of primary marrow cavity, and appearence of secondary ossification center.
4. Bone at birth; enlarged primary marrow cavity and appearence of secondary marrow cavity in one epiphysis.
5. Bone of child; epiphyseal plate at distal end.
6. Adult bone; a single marrow cavity and closed epiphyseal plate. |
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Term
| Osteoblast in bone development |
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Definition
| Osteoblast must have contact with nourishment (glucose) and O2 to burn the glucose. |
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Term
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Definition
| Levels of blood calcium above normal. Thyroid secretes calcitonin. |
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Term
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Definition
| levels of blood calcium below normal. Parathyroid gland secretes parathyroid hormone. |
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Term
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Definition
| Converted in the skin from cholesterol to vitamin D, and to the liver and kidney for conversion to calcitrol which is used to raise blood calcium concetration. |
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| The breakdown of glucose in a chondrocyte is termed? |
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Definition
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Term
| Mast cells and macrophage cells function in ____ for ____? |
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Definition
| Connective tissue; immunity |
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Term
| This type of gland secretes sebum and is of the type known as____? |
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Definition
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Term
| Heparin is a substance secreted by_____ cell and and serves to ____? |
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Definition
| Mast; inhibit blood clotting |
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Term
| This high energy molecule adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) is... |
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Definition
Water soluble
Synthesized during glycolysis |
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Term
| A physiological tissue is best described as? |
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Definition
| A group of cells performing a specific function. |
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| Which of the following are classified as lipid macromolecules? Cholesterol, amino acids, steroids |
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Definition
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| In the adult, the ischium and the pubis are united by what kind of joint? |
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Definition
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| Which of the following cells participate in the immune or allergy responses? White blood cells, mast cell, macrophage |
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Definition
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Term
| Intramembranous bone formation occurs in which of the following? Tibia, femur, parietal bones of the skull |
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Definition
| Parietal bones of the skull |
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Term
| Serous membranes are located in... |
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Definition
| the knee joint & lining of cavities |
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Term
| The protein produced by keratinocytes is? |
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Definition
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Term
| Osmosis is a special case of |
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Definition
| simple diffusion for water |
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Term
| The most important solvent in your body is? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Are secretory cells
Produce a substance called melanin
Are activated by UV light |
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Term
| The functional unit of bone is called... |
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Definition
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| What are the functions of bone? |
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Definition
Calcium mineral storage
Lipid storage in yellow marrow
Red blood cell manufacturer in red marrow
support
Protection- bones enclose and protect organs
Movement- limb movements, breathing, etc.
Acid base balance
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Term
| What cells secrete collagen as part of their matrix? |
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Definition
| Fibroblasts, chondrocyte, and osteoblast. |
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Term
| The integument can thermoregulate the body by? |
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Definition
| Controlling blood flow above and below the subcutaneous layer and vasoconstriction of and vasodilation of blood vessels. |
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Term
| If Ca++ levels in the blood increase above normal... |
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Definition
| The thyroid gland secretes calcitonin that targets osteoblasts and bone tissue is deposited. |
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Term
| Hair, nails, and the epidermis all have what in common? |
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Definition
Composed of dead protein
Highly keratinized cells |
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Term
| The ground substance of the matrix of osseous tissue is? |
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Definition
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Term
| The ground substance of the matrix of osseous tissue is? |
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Definition
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| Osteoclasts secrete two chemicals; _______ degrades away hydroxyapatite, while _________ degrades away ______. |
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Definition
| HCl; acid phosphatase; collagen |
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Term
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Definition
| the shaft of a long bone made primarily of compact bone. |
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Term
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Definition
| the end of a long bone made primarily of spongy bone. |
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Definition
| internal space of the diaphysis of a long bone filled with marrow. |
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Term
| What is a cell with an immunological function? |
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Definition
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Term
| The flexible strength of the bone matrix comes from? |
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Definition
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| If it were not for the _______, osteocytes in the outer lamallae of an osteon would not be able to transport their wastes to the blood stream for removal. |
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Definition
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Term
| Blood vessels often penetrate bone through? |
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Definition
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Term
| The single layer of cells that make up the stratum basale of the epidermis contains what cells? |
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Definition
Melanocytes
Keratinocytes
Tactile cells |
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Term
| The reaction that forms glycogen from glucose is termed: |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is elastic cartilage found? |
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Definition
| External ears and epiglottis |
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Term
| How many electrons are found in the ionic form of chlorine (Cl) |
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Definition
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Term
| . The first stage of cellular respiration, called ___________, takes place in the _________ and needs no oxygen |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is hyaline cartilage found? |
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Definition
| Costal cartilages, ends of long bones, embryonic skeleton |
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Term
| The number and arrangement of electrons in an atoms outer energy level (shell) determines its |
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Definition
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| The tissue responsible for the movement of food substrates through your digestive tract (from mouth to anus) is |
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Definition
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Term
| DNA is a(n) __________ and is the code for the production of ___________ |
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Definition
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Term
| If a thyroid tumor secreted an excessive amount of calcitonin we would expect? |
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Definition
| an elevated level of osteoblast activity. Laying down more bone. |
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Term
| Water has a high surface tension resulting from its... |
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Definition
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Term
| One primary function of the tissue known as epithelia is |
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Definition
| to control permeability of substances wanting to get in and out of the body |
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Term
| DNA could code for synthesis of which of the following |
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Definition
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Term
| The first step in the formation of calcitrol is? |
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Definition
| Conversion of cholesterol to vitamin D sunlight |
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Term
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Definition
| The mitotic portion of the finger nail |
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Term
| An articular cartilage composed of _______ cartilage covers the _________ of a long bone |
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Definition
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Term
| The term "weeping lubrication" refers to? |
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Definition
| How the fibrocartilage in synovial joints acts to distribute oxygen and nutrients |
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Term
| of the following are classified as lipid macromolecules? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following DO NOT influence the rate of diffusion through a membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| is often a protein, and is not altered by the reaction process |
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Term
| Which of the following are hydrophillic? |
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Definition
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Term
| The process of ________ would stop if a poison blocked ATP synthesis |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are Parietal pleura, visceral pleura, parietal peritoneum, and visceral peritoneum found? |
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Definition
Parietal pleura- walls of the thoracic cavity
Visceral pleura- Organs of the thoracic cavity
Parietal peritoneum- Walls of the abdominal cavity
visceral peritoneum- Organs of the abdominal cavity. |
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Term
| Gasses move according to the laws of physics. Since this is true, where will the highest concentration (pressure) of CO2 be located inside a cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| A physiological tissue is best described as |
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Definition
| a group of cells performing a specific function |
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Term
| ATP produced by a cell will move from place to place within the cell by the process of |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following statements is NOT true about all enzymes? |
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Definition
| operate at the same optimum pH |
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Term
| When you eat a tortilla, the carbohydrates, proteins and lipids in the tortilla are chemically broken down in your small intestine. This is an example of |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following will affect the RATE of a chemical reaction? |
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Definition
a) concentration of substrates and/or products
b) enzyme catalysts
c) temperature
d) b and c
e) all of the above
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Term
| All organisms display a hierarchy of organization. Which of the following sequences is an accurate example of that sequence starting from the small end of the hierarchy and getting more complex? |
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Definition
| electron, hydrogen, glucose, Golgi complex, muscle cell, smooth muscle tissue, uterus, reproductive system |
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Term
| The final electron acceptor during aerobic respiration is |
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Definition
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Term
| In a sample of nucleic acid, 15% of the nitrogenous bases are thymine and 30% are cytosine. Which type of molecule could this be? |
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Definition
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Term
| Cells in a fish's gills pump out salt even though the salt water the fish lives in has a greater concentration of salts than the cells themselves do. What process do you think these cells must use to remove the salt? |
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Definition
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Term
| An enzyme is a _______________ with a conformation specific to the ____________ it catalyses |
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Definition
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Term
| Given these characteristics of a transport process: 1. moves down the concentration gradient AND 2. does not require energy AND 3. requires carrier molecules, which of these processes is described? |
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Definition
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Term
| The first reaction in glycolysis is a(n) __________reaction that uses an enzyme called __________ and requires ________ |
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Definition
| dehydration synthesis; hexokinase; ATP hydrolysis |
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