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Bio 1b Lab (Vista S2006)
Bio 1b Lab Terms & Questions
66
Biology
Undergraduate 3
02/08/2006

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Term
Cladistics
Definition
A taxonomic aproach that classifies organisms according to the order n time at which brances arise along a phylogenetic tree, without considering the degree or morphological divergence.
Term
False Cypress belongs to which of Pilger's families?
Definition
Cypress
Term
Cypress belongs to which of Pilger's families?
Definition
Cypress
Term
Incense Cedar belongs to which of Pilger's families?
Definition
Cypress
Term
Sugi belongs to which of Pilger's families?
Definition
Redwood
Term
Dawn Redwood belongs to which of Pilger's families?
Definition
Redwood
Term
Giant Sequoia belongs to which of Pilger's families?
Definition
Redwood
Term
In the "cone" lab, what species represented the outgroup?
Definition
Japanese Umbrella Pine
Term
In the "cone" lab, what species represented the ingroup?
Definition
False Cypress
Cypress
Incense Cedar
Sugi
Dawn Redwood
Giant Sequoia
Term
In the "cone" lab, what were the 6 characteristics studied?
Definition
Cones less than 4cm long
Cones not egg shaped
Less than 10 cone scales
Mushroom like scale tips
Teeth on scale
No horizontal groove on scale face
Scale edge not reflexed
Term
In what order did each species appear on the phylogenetic tree?
Definition
Japanese Umbrella Pine
Giant Sequoia
Dawn Redwood
Sugi
Incense Cedar
Cypress
False Cypress
Term
Ingroup
Definition
The group of taxa being studied in relation to the outgroup
Term
Outgroup
Definition
A species or group of species that is closely related to the group of species being studies, but clearely not as closely related as the study-group members are to each other.
Term
Phylogeny
Definition
The evolutionary history of a species or group of related species
Term
Phylogenetic Tree
Definition
Reflects the heirarchical classification of taxonomic groups nested within more inclusive groups.

[image]
Term
Taxonomy
Definition
Branch of biology concerned with naming and classifying the diverse forms of life
Term
Carolus Linneaus
Definition
Divised modern, hierarchical taxonomic system
Term
In the 18th century, how recently did most scientists believe the Earth and all it's organisms were created?
Definition
As early as 4004 BC
Term
Charles Darwin
Definition
*Wrote On the Origin of the Species
*Presented evidence that life had evolved through natural selection *His evidence supports the idea that all life derived from a common ancestor
Term
We now recognize taxonomic classifications as...
Definition
reflections of evolutionary history.
Term
In general, the greater the resemblance between two species...
Definition
the more recently they diverged from a common ancestor.
Term
Convergent Evolution
Definition
Evolvement of similar structures in response to similar environments or ways of life, rather than because of a recent common ancestor
Term
Fossil Record
Definition
The chronicle of evolution over millions of years of geologic time engraved in the order in which fossils appear in rock strata
Term
What are two of the problems with using the fossil record?
Definition
* It is incomplete
* It only gives structural information. It does not provide information about soft tissue or behavior
Term
In the Classification and Evolution lab, what were the imaginary creatures called?
Definition
Caminalcules
Term
In order from broadest to most specific, what are the 8 taxonomic classifications currently used in phylogeny?
Definition
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Term
What ecological conditions might result in the rapid diversification of some lineages of organisms?
Definition
These could include:

* Change in the number or type of predators
* Climate change
* Change in food supply
Term
What ecological conditions might contribute to a lack of change over time?
Definition
* Behavioral, but not genetic adaptation by the organism
* Stable climate
* Stable food supply
* Stable predator population
Term
What factores might increase or decrease the probabiltiy of a species going extinct?
Definition
* Increase in the number or type of predators
* Climate change
* Decrease in food supply
Term
List two examples of convergent evolution.
Definition
* Wings of bats & birds
* Cacti and Euphorbia
Term
Vestigial Structures
Definition
Structures of marginal if any importance to an organism. Historical remnants of features that had important functions in ancestors. Example: tailbone in humans
Term
Natural Selection
Definition
* Differential reproductive success, which causes a change in allele frequencies in a population. This occurs through interaction with the environment, and as a result of inherent allele variabilty among the population.
Term
Variability
Definition
Differences between individuals in a population
Term
Heritability
Definition
The ability of a trait to be inherited by the next generation
Term
Differential Reproduction
Definition
Individuals with some traits wil leave more decendants than others. This could be either because they survive longer, or have a higher reproductive rate.
Term
Continuous Variation
Definition
Characterized by small gradations of variation between individuals
Term
Discrete Variation
Definition
Showing clear-cut differences between individuals.
Term
In the Genetic Variation & Microevooution lab, what was the average relative sitting height for males and females?
Definition
* Females - 51.89
* Males - 51.99
Term
In the Genetic Variation & Microevooution lab,was there a greater range of variation among males or females?
Definition
Females
Term
Allelic Frequency
Definition
The fraction of all the alleles in a population's gene pool that are the allele in question. For example if all the individuals in a population have genotype Aa, then the frequency of allele A is .5 or 50%
Term
What does

p + q = 1

represent?
Definition
In situations wehre there are only two alleles at a locus and one is dominant & the other recessive, "p" represents the frequency of the dominant allele, while "q" represents the frequency of the recessive allele. These frequencies should add up to 1.
Term
In the Genetic Variation & Microevooution lab, what represented alleles?
Definition
Black, red and speckled beans
Term
Hardy-Weinburg Theory
Definition
States the the frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a particular gene pool remain constant over the generations unless acted upon by agents other than Mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles.
Term
Conditions that must be met to achieve Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
Definition
1) Very large population
2) No migration in or out of the population (no gene flow)
3) No mutations
4) Random mating
5) No natural selection
Term
Genotypic Frequency
Definition
The fraction of a population that is a particular genotype. For example, if a population is 20% AA, 20% Aa and 60% aa, the genotypic frequencies are:

.2 AA
.2 Aa
.6 aa

Genotypic frequencies of a population in H-W equilibrium should equal 1.
Term
Hardy-Weinberg Equation
Definition
p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
Term
When is it possible to compute allelic freqencies?
Definition
If you have a complete list of genotypic frequencies, regardless of wheterh the population is in H-W equillibrium.
Term
When s it possible to compute genotypic frequencies?
Definition
Only if we assume Hardy-Weinberg equillibrium
Term
In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, what does 2pq represent?
Definition
Heterozygous genotypes
Term
Genetic drift
Definition
The change in allelic frequencies that results from the random outcome of matings
Term
Founder Effect
Definition
The founder effect occurs when a subset of a population migrates or becomes geographically isolated from the original population. The gene pool will differe from the parent population because of it's small size and for the same reason changes in allelic frequencies wil have a greater effect on the population as a whole.
Term
Allelic Frequency
Definition
The rate at which a specific allele occurs
Term
If you have a complete list of genotype frequencies, can you calculate allelic frequency?
Definition
Only if the population is assumed to be in Hardy-Weinberg equillibrium
Term
If alelic frequencies are know for a population, can you calculate genotypic frequencies?
Definition
Only if a population is assumed to be in Hardy-Weinberg equillibrium
Term
Why is Hardy-Weinberg a null hypothesis?
Definition
The conditions to make ut true would never occur in nature
Term
Genetic Drift
Definition
Occurs when segments of the population alter the gene pool by leaving the population.
Term
Why is genetic drift more pronounced in smaller populations?
Definition
The relative percentage of change in allelic frequency is higher.
Term
Can a population evolve solely based on genetic drift?
Definition
Unlikely, since the ndividuals remaining in the population are not taking on new characteristics. The population that left, howevr, may evolve as a result of their new environment.
Term
In the "bean" lab, what rule of the Hardy-Weinberg theory was violated?
Definition
Natural selection. We tended to grab the larger beans, weeding the small ones out.
Term
Parsimony
Definition
Using the least complex explanation.
Term
Plesiomorphic character
Definition
A primitive phenotypic character possessed by a remote ancestor
Term
Apomorphic character
Definition
A derived phenotypic character that evolved after a brance diverged from a phylogenetic tree
Term
Autapomorphic
Definition
Apomorphic on only one taxon
Term
Synapomorphic
Definition
Shared derived characteistics. Homologies that evolved in an ancestor common to all species on one branch in a cladogram, but not common to species on another branch
Term
Symplesiomorphic
Definition
Shared ancestral characteristic
Term
Homology
Definition
Similarity in characteristica resulting from shared ancestory
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