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BIO 183
Chapters 1-7 + AIDS lecture
43
Biology
Undergraduate 1
06/13/2009

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Term
atom
Definition
The smallest units of an element that retain the element’s physical and chemical properties. These bond together to form molecules
Term
molecule
Definition
Are made of atoms that are bonded together can be the same atom.
Term
cell
Definition
basic unit of life
Term
tissue
Definition
A collection of cells of the same type that perform a common function
Term
organ
Definition
An organ is 2 or more tissue types working towards a particular function
Term
organ system
Definition
An organ system is a combination of organs that work together to carry out a particular function
Term
organism
Definition
an individual complex individuals contain organ systems
Term
population
Definition
organisms of the same species in a common area
Term
community
Definition
interacting populations in a particular area
Term
ecosystem
Definition
a community plus the physical environment
Term
biosphere
Definition
"regions of the earth's crust, waters and atmosphere inhabited by living things"
Term
scientific method
Definition
"observation, hypothesis, experimentation/observation, conclusion, scientific theory"
Term
Types of subatomic particles
Definition
Electrons, Protons, Neutrons
Term
Isotopes
Definition
Atoms that have the same atomic number but different atomic mass due to differing amounts of neutrons.  Elemental isotopes are normally radioactive and can cause cancer
Term
Ionic Bond
Definition
A bond between two or more atoms where electrons are given or taken away. This bond results in a stable bond.
Term
Covalent Bond
Definition
A type of atomic bond where two or more atoms share electrons. This results in a stable bond.
Term
properties of water
Definition
Liquid at room temperature
Liquid water does not change temperature quickly
High heat of vaporization
Frozen water is less dense than liquid water
Molecules of water cling together
A solvent for polar molecules
Term
Albumins
Definition
plasma protein - most abundant and important for plasma’s osmotic pressure as well as transportation
Term
Globulins
Definition
plasma protein - also important in transportation
Term
Fibrinogen
Definition
plasma protein - important for the formation of blood clots
Term
Plasma
Definition
92% water and 8% and organic molecules
Plasma proteins are the most abundant molecules
Term
Anemia
Definition
a condition resulting from too few red blood cells or hemoglobin that causes a run-down feeling
Term
Hemolytic disease of the newborn
Definition
a condition with incompatible blood types that leads to rupturing of blood cells in a baby before and continuing after birth
Term
White blood cells
Definition
Derived from red bone marrow
Large blood cells that have a nucleus
Production is regulated by colony-stimulating factor (CSF)
Can be found in the blood as well as in tissues
Fight infection and an important part of the immune system
Some live days while others live years or months
Term
white blood cell categories
Definition
granular and agranular
Term
granular white blood cells
Definition
contain noticeable granules, lobed nuclei
Examples:
Eosinophil
Basophil
Neutrophil
Term
agranular white blood cell
Definition
no granules, nonlobed nuclei
examples:
Lymphocyte
Monocyte
Term
Neutrophils
Definition
About 50-70% of all white blood cells
Contain a multi-lobed nucleus

Upon infection they move out of circulation into tissues to use phagocytes to engulf pathogens
Term
Eosinophils
Definition
Small percentage of WBC’s

Contain a bi lobed nucleus

Many large granules
function in parasitic infections and play a role in allergies
Term
Lymphocyte
Definition
About 25-35% of all white blood cells

Large nucleus that takes up most of the cytoplasm

Develop into B and T cells that are important in the immune system
Term
Monocyte
Definition
Relatively uncommon white blood cells

Largest white blood cell with horseshoe shaped nucleus

Take residence in tissues and develop into macrophages

Macrophages use phagocytosis to engulf pathogens
Term
Severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID)
Definition
an inherited disease in which stem cells of WBC’s lack an enzyme that allows them to fight any infection
Term
Leukemia
Definition
a groups of cancers that affect white blood cells in which cells proliferate without control
Term
Infectious mononucleosis
Definition
also known as the “kissing disease” occurs when the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects lymphocytes resulting in fatigue, sore throat and swollen lymph nodes
Term
Platelets
Definition
Made of fragments of large cells called megakaryocytes made in the bone marrow

About 200 billion are made per day

Function in blood clotting

Blood proteins named thrombin and fibrinogen are important for blood clotting by leading to fibrin threads that catch RBC’s
Term
Thromocytopain
Definition
a disorder in which the number of platelets is too low due to not enough being made in the bone marrow or the increased breakdown outside the marrow
Term
Thromboembolism
Definition
when a clot forms and breaks off from its site of origin and plugs another vessel
Term
Hemophilia
Definition
a genetic disorder that results in a deficiency of a clotting factor so that when a person damages a blood vessel they are unable to properly clot their blood both internally and externally
Term
Antigen
Definition
a foreign substance, often a polysaccharide or a protein, that stimulates an immune response
Term
Antibody
Definition
proteins made in response to an antigen in the body and bind to that antigen
Term
functions of the lymphatic system
Definition
1. Lymphatic capillaries absorb excess tissue fluid and return it to the bloodstream

2. Lymphatic capillaries (lacteals) in the small intestine absorb fats associated with proteins

3. Works in the production, maintenance and distribution of lymphocytes in the body

4. Helps in defense against pathogens
Term
Primary lymphatic organs
Definition
Red bone marrow
Thymus
Term
Secondary lymphatic organs
Definition
Lymph nodes
Spleen
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