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Bio 183 Final Review (EXAM 3)
Exam 3 review
48
Biology
Undergraduate 2
05/03/2011

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Term
Incomplete dominance
Definition
When the two alleles show no dominance over each other and there is an intermediate phenotype
Term
Codominance
Definition
When a heterozygote fully expresses two different alleles
Term
X-linked Inhereitence
Definition
Pairs of dominant and recessive alleles found on the X chromosome
Term
Simple Mendelian Inheritance
Definition
One trait is completely dominant over the other
Term
Mitochondria and chloroplast
Definition
The two organelles that have a genome separate from the genome in the cell nucleus
Term
Barr Bodies
Definition
Are formed both males and females, depending on the number of X chromosomes possessed by an individual
Term
Lyon hypothesis of X inactivation
Definition
What hypothesis supports that a genetically normal male cat can never be calico
Term
Avery, MacLoed, and McCarthy
Definition
discovered that DNA was the genetic material of transforming factor that could convert nonvirulent R-type bacterium to virulent S-type
Term
Nucleotides
Definition
molecules that when joined together make up RNA and DNA
Term
DNA
Definition
nucleic acid that contains genetic instructions used in the development and function of all known living things and organisms
Term
Gene
Definition
a name given to some stretch of DNA or RNA that code for a type of protein
Term
Chromosome
Definition
A organized structure of DNA found in cells.
Term
genome
Definition
The entirety of an organisms hereditary information
Term
Nucleotide,DNA,Gene, Chromosome, Genome
Definition
The order from simplest level of structure of genetic material
Term
Pyrimindine and Purine
Definition
Complementary base-pairing occurs between these to bases
Term
.34 angstroms
Definition
Each nucleotide within a DNA is separated by about how many angstroms
Term
3'-TAAGCCACT-5'
Definition
What is the complement DNA strand to 5'-ATTCGGTGA-3'
Term
Semi-Conservative
Definition
The mechanism of DNA is....
Term
Okazaki Fragments
Definition
made in replicating the lagging strand of DNA
Term
Telomerase
Definition
Attaches DNA sequences at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes
Term
Polymerase
Definition
adds new nucleotides complimentary to the bases on the already exposed strand as well as remove RNA primers
Term
Ligase
Definition
Joins adjacent DNA fragments
Term
topoisomerase
Definition
relieves the coiled DNA ahead of the replication fork
Term
Primase
Definition
Makes short RNA primer
Term
Introns
Definition
intervening sequences that are transcribed, but not translated into protein
Term
Exons
Definition
coding sequences found in mature mRNA
Term
Splicesomes
Definition
removes introns percisely
Term
Transposons
Definition
sequences of DNA that can move themselves to a new position within the genome of a cell
Term
Alternative splicing
Definition
enables a single gene to encode two or more polypeptides that are different in their amino acid sequence
Term
Self Splicing
Definition
rRNA and tRNA are ___ Splicing
Term
Capping
Definition
Attaches to the 5' end and is needed for proper exit of mRNA from the nucleus and binding to the ribosome
Term
Poly A-tail
Definition
attaches to the 3' and increases lifespan in the cytosol, increase mRNA stability in eukaryotes
Term
AUG
Definition
Usually the start codon
Term
aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
Definition
is an enzyme that catalyzes the attachment of amino acids to tRNA molecules
Term
Helicase
Definition
travels from the 5' to the 3' using ATP to seperate DNA strand and move fork over
Term
Gene regulation
Definition
the ability of cells to control their level of gene expression
Term
An Activator exerting positive control
Definition
a type of regulatory transcription factor that binds DNA and increases the transcription of a gene
Term
polycistronic mRNA
Definition
a prokaryotic mRNA that contains the coding sequence for two or more structural genes
Term
Cis-acting element
Definition
the lac operator site within the lac operon
Term
Repressible operon
Definition
one whose transcription is repressed by effector molecules
Term
Silent mutation
Definition
does not alter the genetic code and the genetic code is degenerate
Term
Missense Mutation
Definition
A result from a single amino acid being changed in a polypeptide. It may not alter function if amino acid being exchanged is similar. Sickle-cell anemia is an example
Term
Nonsense Mutation
Definition
Changes from a normal codon to a stop codon. Produces a truncated polypeptide
Term
Framshift mutation
Definition
Addition of a greater or less than 3 codon which completely changes the whole sequence
Term
Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), Cockayne’s syndrome
(CS), PIBIDS
Definition
Disease that affect DNA repair
Term
Metastatic Cancer cells
Definition
cancer cells that have the ability to migrate to other parts of the body
Term
oncogene
Definition
a mutation that causes a gene to become overactive, contributing to uncontrolled cell growth
Term
G1
Definition
the phase of the cell cycle that p53 halts cell division if it senses DNA damage
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