Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Bio 160 Lecture exam 4
Protists and Radiate animals
21
Biology
Undergraduate 1
05/15/2010

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
General Characteristics of Protists
Definition

 

- Unicellular (some colonial)

- Mostly microscopic

- All shapes and symmetries

- No germ layers

- No organs or tissues, but organelles

- Free-living, mutualistic, parasitic, predaceous

- Move by pseudopodia, flagella, cilia, gliding

Some simple endo and exoskeletons

All types of nutrition

Sexual & asexual

Freshwater, marine, terrestrial

 

Term
Taxonomy of protists
Definition

 

Descended from prokaryotic cells (bacteria)

  • Phylum Sarcomastigophora
    •   Subphylum Mastigorophora
      • Class Zoomastigophea: flagellates
      • Class Phytomastigophorea: phytoflagellates
    • Subphylum Sarcodina: amoebas
  • Phylum Ciliophora: ciliates
  • Phylum Apicomplexa: All parasites

 

Term
Characteristics and taxonomy of Flagellates
Definition

Kingdom: Protista

 

Phylum Sarcomastigophora

  Subphylum Mastigophora

Class Zoomastigophorea

Examples: Giardia sp, Trypanosoma sp, Trichomonas vaginalis (STD protist)

Form: usually definite shape, has long flagella

Locomotion: Moves with 1 or more whiplike organelles (flagellae). Flagella made of microtubules with 9 fused pairs radiating around 2 central single microtubules.

Reproduction: Asexual

Term
How did early multicellular life develop?
Definition

Protists come together for protection and better feeding opportunities.

Early colonial protists: Proterospongia, codonosiga

Term
Characteristics and Taxonomy of Phytoflagellates
Definition

 

Kingdom: Protista

 

Phylum Sarcomastigophora

  Subphylum Mastigophora

Class: Phytomastigophorea

Common Species: Euglena

Form: Like other flagellates, but usually green.

Movement: Flagella

Reproduction: Asexual reproduction via splitting (usually on longitudinal plane). Some colonial (like Volvox) alternate between sexual and asexual (see Fig 11.20)

Other: Often have chlorophyll

Feed via photosynthesis, skin absorption, or eating

Term
Taxonomy and Characteristics of Amoebas
Definition

Kingdom: Protista

Phylum: Sarcodina

Common Species: Amoeba, Arcella, Euglypha

Form: gooey and unfixed; some have calcerous or silicate shells

Locomotion: Typically, pseudopods

Reproduction: binary fission

Other features: Has contractile vacuole (used to pump fluid from cell to outside the body. Used for respiration, excretion, and maintaining osmotic equilibrium) and food vacuole (stores, digests, and distributes food)

 

 

 

 


Term
Parts of the pseudopod. How does it move?
Definition

Endoplasmic stream is made up of 2 zones: shear zone and axial core. Cytoplasm in shear zone becomes more solid and rigid. The axial core pumps cytoplasm into the fountain zone. "Growth" of the pseudopod takes place at the hyaline cap.

Function:

 

Actin subunits in endoplasm bound to regulatory proteins to keep from assembling

Hydrostatic pressure carries subunits to hyaline cap

Actin subunits freed by lipids in cell membrane

Actin subunits form filaments with actin binding protein (ABP) and form gel ectoplasm

Ca++ ions activate actin severing proteins and allow myosin to pull

 

Term
Taxonomy and characteristics of Ciliophora
Definition

Kingdom: Protista

Phylum: Ciliophora

Common Species: Paramecium

Form: definite shape

Locomotion: uses many cilia

Reproduction: both asex and sex

Other: 

Term
Asexual Reproduction in Ciliates
Definition

Mitotic (see fig 11.27).

Steps:

1. Micronucleus in mitosis

2. Macronucleus begins elongation

3. Bud appears on cytostome

 

1. Micronucleus divides

2. Macronucleus divides into two pieces

3. New gullet forms

4. 2 new contractile vacuoles appear

 

Division of cell body is completed, resulting in 2 new daughters. 

Term
Sexual Reproduction (Conjugation) in Ciliates
Definition

Each has a macronucleus, then a micronucleus used for sex.

Steps: 

1. 2 Paramecium individuals come into contact on their oral surface.

2. The micronuclei divide by meiosis and create 4 haploid micronuclei

3. 3 of these degenerate, the remaining micronucleus divides once more to form "male" and "female" pronuclei.

4. Male pronuclei are exchanged between participants.

5. Male and female pronuclei fuse, and individuals separate. Old macronuclei are eventually absorbed and replaced by a new macronuclei.

6. One says it needs to work in the morning and swims off.

Term
Taxonomy and characteristics of Apicomplexa
Definition

Kingdom: Protista

Phylum: Apicomplexa

Common Species: Toxoplasma gondii (infects cats, can spread to people)

Form: has complex set of organelles on top of cell (apical complex) used to gain entry into host cell.

Locomotion: varies

Reproduction: varies

Other: All intracellular parasites.

Term
General features of the malaria lifecycle
Definition

1. Sexual stage

Sporozoites develop in oocyst, are released, and migrate to salivary glands

mosquito infects humans by injecting saliva.

Injected sporozoites migrate to liver.

2. Asexual stage

Sporozoites enter the liver, undergo schizogyny 

In liver cells: merozoites released.

 Merozoites enter red blood cells and undergo schizogyny.

 Creates macrogametocyte (goes on to infect mosquitoes when they bite females)

 Also creates microgametocyte

 Also creates trophozoite, which bursts and releases more merozoites.

Term
General Cnidarian Characteristics
Definition

- entirely aquatic: Freschwater, brackish, or marine

- Radial or biradial symmetry along oral and aboral axis

- alternation of generations: polyps and medusae

- some with calcareous skeleton

- epidermis, gastrodermis, mesoglea jelly layers

- gastrovascular cavity simple to subdivides; no anus

- nematocysts

- asexual and sexual reproduction.

Term
Cnidarian Dimorphism
Definition

Medusa is basically polyp top lopped off and turned over (see fig 13.2)

Term
Taxonomy and characteristics of Hydrozoa
Definition

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Cnidaria

Class: Hydrozoa

Common species: Hydra, Obelia, Physalia

Hydras, Portuguese Man-o-war

Many hydra have mutualistic algae that photosynthesize

Portuguese man of war has fish that live in its tentacles. Fish get safety; lure prey into man of war's tentacles

Term
Taxonomy and Characteristics of Scyphozoa and Cubozoa
Definition

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Cnidarian

Classes: Scyphozoa and Cubozoa

Common species: true jellyfish, Aurelia (Scyphozoans) and box jellyfish (Cubozoa)

Box jellyfish most dangerous.

Term
Taxonomy and Characteristics of Anthozoa
Definition

 

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Cnidarian

Class: Anthozoa

Common species: anemones and corals

Unlike other Cnidarians, no medusa stage.

Very well developed polyps.

 

Term
What is a gastrovascular cavity?
Definition
In Cnidarians, area that functions both for digestion and distribution of nutrients to all parts of the body.
Term
Why are corals restricted to shallow water?
Definition
Coral has zooxanthellae (mutualistic photosynthesizing bacteria). They create a reaction that precipitates CaCO3 (calcium carbonate), which is used to build coral structure. The bacteria requires sunlight.
Term
3 types of coral reefs
Definition

 

1. Fringing reefs: close to shore (Moorea)

2. Barrier Reef: further out (australia)

3. Atoll: ring with lagoon (Bimini, Bermuda)

 

Coral reefs can only form where water is warm and clean. Only form on eastern edges of continents.

 

Term
Ctenophore Characteristics
Definition

 

"comb jellies"

Biradial symmetry

- Radially arranged comb plates of cilia

- Ecto, endo and scattered mesoderm= triploblastic

Adhesive colloblasts- sticky!

Aboral sense organ= statocyst

No polymorphism or alternation of generations

Hermaphroditic

Often bioluminescent

 

Supporting users have an ad free experience!