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Bio 1408
Bio Review
28
Biology
Undergraduate 1
09/17/2013

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Term
What are the 7 characteristics of life?
Definition
1. order
2. response to stimuli
3. regulating internal environment
4. acquisition of materials, energy
5. reproduction and development
6. genetic inheritance
7. evolutionary adaptations
Term
What is the definition of biology?
Definition
the scientific study of life
Term
What is the scientific method?
Definition
observation
hypothesis
testing
conclusion
Term
What are the six elements essential to life?
Definition
CHONPS
Carbon – C
• Hydrogen – H
• Nitrogen – N
• Oxygen – O
• Phosphorus – P
• Sulfur – S
Term
What are the 2 main parts of an atom?
Definition
nucleus
electron shell
Term
What are protons and neutrons and where are they located?
Definition
protons: positively charged particles in the nucleus
• neutrons: uncharged particles located in the nucleus
Term
What is an electron cloud and where is it located? What is an electron?
Definition
electron cloud- area surrounding nucleus, where electrons are located
electrons: negatively charged particles in the electron shell
Term
What is an isotope?
Definition
atoms of a single element that differ in their # of neutrons
• have same # of protons, but different atomic masses
Term
What are low and high level radioactive isotopes?
Definition
low levels
– small amounts can be used as a tracer allowing physicians to ‘see’ inside of the body
• high levels
– will damage DNA, kill cells
– can be used to kill pathogens, treat disease (i.e. cancer)
Term
What is a molecule?
Definition
– atoms react with other atoms to form molecules
– why do they react?
– the goal of an atom is to become as stable as possible
• an atom is most stable when its outermost electron shell is full
Term
What is an ion? What is an ionic bond?
Definition
– atoms may gain or lose electrons to ensure a full outer shell
ion: an atom or molecule that has either lost or gained electrons
• losing an electron causes atom to become positive
• gaining an electron causes atom to become negative
– ions w/opposite charges attract and form bonds known as ionic bonds
Term
What are covalent bonds? What does it mean when they are polar and nonpolar?
Definition
– atoms may share electrons so that each has a full outer shell: covalent bonding
– i.e. Hydrogen (H2)
nonpolar covalent bond: when the sharing of electrons between atoms is fairly equal
– polar covalent bond: unequal sharing of electrons
• results in one atom being slightly positive, other slightly negative
Term
What is a hydrogen bond?
Definition
temporary bond that can occur between polar molecules (i.e. between water molecules)
• i.e. bond formed between hydrogen of one water molecule and oxygen of another water molecule
Term
The 3 main levels of organizations are:
Definition
cell, multicellular, biosphere
Term
What are organic molecules?
Definition
molecules made of hydrogen and/or other elements covalently bonded to carbon atoms
Term
What kind of bonds does carbon create?
Definition
has unique bonding properties
– can share electrons with as many as 4 other atoms
• consequently, it can form several different shapes
– chains
– rings
– side branches
Term
What are functional groups?
Definition
specific combination of bonded atoms that always react in the same way
• i.e.: -OH
– hydroxyl group is hydrophilic and found in alcohol, sugar, and amino acids
Term
What are polymers and momolymers?
Definition
polymers: macromolecules consisting of many identical or similar building blocks linked by covalent bonds
– i.e. carbs, proteins, nucleic acids
– monomers: small molecules that serve as the repeating units (building blocks) of polymers
Term
What is the dehydration reaction and a hydrolysis reaction?
Definition
dehydration reaction: synthesizes polymers from monomers by removing water
– hydrolysis reaction: splits polymers into monomers by adding water
Term
What are DNA and RNA? Give examples of DNA and RNA.
Definition
DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid
• “the” genetic material
• double stranded
– RNA: ribonucleic acid
• a copy of DNA used to make proteins
• single stranded
comprised of: sugar (ribose- RNA, deoxyribose- DNA) nitrogenous base phosphate
Term
List – 5 nitrogenous bases of DNA and RNA
Definition
– adenine, guanine
– cytosine, uracil (RNA only), thymine (DNA only)
Term
What is the Human Genome Project?
Definition
determined we have 20-25K genes
– by looking at genes early in life, can determine future health problems
• Type 2 Diabetes
• Schizophrenia
– used to create specific treatments
Term
What is Adenosine Tri-Phosphate?
Definition
similar to nucleic acid, but very different in function: *ATP = energy*
• comprised of:
– adenine
– ribose
– 3 phosphates
Term
Define Cell Theory.
Definition
a cell is the basic unit of life
– all living things are made up of cells
– new cells arise only from preexisting cells
Term
List and describe the two types of microscopes used in this class.
Definition
– compound light microscope
• multiple lenses increase magnifying power
– objective lens magnifies specimen’s image
– ocular lens magnifies the image into the eye
– electron microscope
• more magnification
– transmission electron microscope: passes electrons through specimen
– scanning electron microscope: collects and focuses electrons scattered by the specimen
Term
Define prokaroytkic and eurokaroytkic. List the examples of each.
Definition
prokaryotic cells
– evolved first
– lack membrane-bound nucleus
– smaller than eukaryotic cells
– have single chromosome and thousands of ribosomes
– Archae and Bacteria
• 2 domains of prokaryotic cells
• different nucleic acid bases
• bacteria cause many diseases
• but also important in the environment for recycling nutrients
• eukaryotic cells
– Domain Eukarya: contains all eukaryotic cells
– have cytoskeleton: protein fibers that maintain cell shape
– have membrane-bound nucleus and organelles
Term
What is cytoskeleton?
Definition
protein fibers that maintain cell shape
Term
List the difference between plant and animal cells.
Definition
plant cells with:
• cell wall
• chloroplasts containing chlorophyll
• central vacuole
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