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Bio 12, 13
The Cell Cycle and Sexual Reproduction
64
Biology
Undergraduate 1
10/13/2012

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Term
Human Somatic Cells
Definition
All body cells except reproductive cells, which contain 46 chromosomes, made from one 23 chromosome set from each parent
Term
What kind of chromosomes make up the human genome?
Definition
22 pairs are autosomes, and 1 pair are sex chromosomes.
Term
Homologous Chromosomes
Definition
A pair of chromosomes that have genes for the same characteristics at the same position.
Term
What makes up a pair of chromosomes
Definition
Two homologous chromosomes
Term
Chromatin
Definition
The entire complex of DNA and proteins that makes up chromosomes.
Term
Sister chromatids
Definition
Identical copies of DNA joined at the centromere.
Term
Karyotype
Definition
A person's chromosomes displayed in order.
Term
What happens in interphase?
Definition
Cell growth, doubling of cytoplasm and contents, and DNA replication.
Term
How long is the cell in interphase?
Definition
90% of the time.
Term
What are the three subphases of interphase?
Definition
G1 phase or "first gap" - cell growth
S phase or "synthesis"- chromosomes duplicated
G2 phase or "second gap"- cell growth, preparation for division
Term
Centromere
Definition
The region where the chromatid is attached most closely to its sister chromatid
Term
How long is the cell cycle in humans?
Definition
20 hours for interphase, 45 minutes for miotic division
Term
How long is the cell cycle in yeast?
Definition
90 minutes
Term
How long is the cell cycle in early embryos
Definition
30 minutes, and they lack phases G1 and G2
Term
Mitosis
Definition
The division of a diploid cell to create two daughter diploid cells.
Term
Prophase
Definition
(includes prometaphase) The chromatin and sister chromatids are apparent and the nuclear envelope disappears.
Term
Metaphase
Definition
Chromosomes align at metaphase plate
Term
Anaphase
Definition
Sister chromatids seperate at centromere to create new individual chromosomes
Term
Telophase
Definition
Nucleoli and nuclear envelope reappear, chromosomes uncoil,spindle fibers break down.
Term
Cytokenesis
Definition
Division of cytoplasm
Term
How does cytokenesis occur in animals?
Definition
Cleavage, where it divides at the metaphase
Term
Cleavage Furrow
Definition
A shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate.
Term
Spindle Fibers
Definition
Aggregates of microtubules that move chromosomes during cell division.
Term
Centrosome
Definition
The origin of the spindle fiber that moves towards the poles for cell division.
Term
Kineticore
Definition
Spindle fiber attachment points on chromosome's centromere
Term
Centrioles
Definition
An organelle found in the centrosome made of a bundle of spindle fibers only inside animal cells.
Term
What organelle makes the polysaccharides of a cell wall?
Definition
Golgi apparatus
Term
What is the only phase where you are changing the amount of DNA
Definition
The S phase of interphase.
Term
How do rates of cell division vary?
Definition
By type, developmental stage, environment, etc.
Term
Some cells are __________________ but __________ as they reside in stage ______. Some cells _____________, but others never do and do not divide. Two examples of this are ____________ and _________.
Definition
Some cells are metabolically active but non-dividing as they reside in stage G0. Some cells re-enter G1,but others never do and do not divide. Two examples of this are nerve cells and muscle cells.
Term
Binary fission
Definition
The process of replication for prokaryotic cells where they replicate through elongating the cell and dividing.
Term
What kind of chromosome does a prokaryote have?
Definition
A single circular chromosome.
Term
What is the benefit of sexual reproduction?
Definition
Genetic diversity.
Term
What are the alternatives to sexual reproduction and what are the pros and cons?
Definition
Clones and asexual reproduction
-Pro: it's faster because you don't need to find a mate or a pollinator.
Con: These processes require a lot of energy.
Term
The symbol for diploid
Definition
2n
Term
Diploid cell
Definition
Somatic cell that contains two sets of chromosomes
Term
How many chromosomes are in a diploid cell?
Definition
23 pairs, or 46 total
Term
Gamete cell
Definition
Sperm and egg cells produced through meiosis with only one set of chromosomes
Term
Haploid cell
Definition
Gamete cells that contain only one set of chromosomes
Term
Fertilization
Definition
The fusion of a haploid sperm with a haploid egg
Term
Zygote
Definition
A fertilized egg with 46 chromosomes
Term
Differences between meiosis and mitosis
Definition
- There are two divisions in meiosis and only one in mitosis.
- In mitosis, individual chromosomes form a line and in meiosis they form in pairs.
-Meiosis produces genetic variarion, mitosis does not.
-Mitosis conserves the number of chromosome sets, meiosis does not.
Term
What is an animal in the diploid stage?
Definition
A multi-cellular organism
Term
What is an animal during the haploid stage?
Definition
A unicellular gamete.
Term
What are plants and algae during the diploid stage?
Definition
A multi-cellular sporophyte
Term
What are plants and algae during the haploid stage?
Definition
A multicellular gametophyte
Term
What are fungi and protists during the diploid stage?
Definition
Unicellular zygote.
Term
What are fungi and protists during the haploid stage?
Definition
Uni- or multicellular organism.
Term
What kind of cells start and result from meiosis?
Definition
4 haploid gametes from 1 diploid cell
Term
What happens in meiosis 1?
Definition
Homologous chromosomes separate
Term
What happens in meiosis 2?
Definition
Sister chromatids separate.
Term
What happens in prophase 1 to produce genetic variability?
Definition
Crossing over and synapsis.
Term
Synapsis
Definition
The physical connection of homologous chromosomes during prophase.
Term
Crossing over
Definition
The exchange of DNA between homologous pairs of chromosomes.
Term
Where does crossing over occur?
Definition
The chiasmata.
Term
Chiasmata
Definition
Where the crossing over occurs.
Term
What results from genetic variation in prophase 1?
Definition
Recombinant chromosomes.
Term
What happens to produce genetic variability in metaphase 1?
Definition
Independant assortment.
Term
Recombinant chromosomes
Definition
Individual chromosomes that carry genes derived from two different parents.
Term
Independant assortment
Definition
Random arrangement of homologous chromsome pairs.
Term
What amount of genetically variant sperm and egg cells result from independant assortment?
Definition
2^23 or 8 million possible combinations.
Term
What degree of genetic variation results from random fertilization?
Definition
2^23 + 2^23 or 20 trillion.
Term
_______, ___________ and ____________ create _________ and _________, which leads to ______________.
Definition
Crossing over, independent assortment, and mutations creates genetic diversity and natural selection, which leads to evolution.
Term
When does a diploid cell become a haploid cell during meiosis?
Definition
After Telophase 1
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