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Bio 1201 Exam 1
Summer 2012, Crousillac, LSU
90
Biology
Undergraduate 1
06/08/2012

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Term
How many species have been identified and named?
Definition
1.8 million
Term
Evolution
Definition
a change in the genetic make-up of a population over time as a result of natural selection
Term
Hierarchy of biological organization
Definition
Life contains an order of structural levels, with each level building on the levels beneath it
Term
Biosphere
Definition
all of the environments on earth that are inhabited by life
Term
Ecosystems
Definition
all living things in a particular area, along with non-living environmental components with which life interacts
Term
Community
Definition
The entire array of organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem
Term
Population
Definition
Individuals of a species living within the bounds of a particular area
Term
Organism
Definition
individual living things
Term
Organ & Organ System
Definition
body part consisting of 2 or more tissues, which carries out a specific function within an organism
Term
Tissue
Definition
group of cells from similar embryonic origins that combine to form organs
Term
Cell
Definition
the fundamental unit of structure and function in life
Term
Organelle
Definition
various functional components that make up cells
Term
Molecule
Definition
chemical structure consisting of 2 or more atoms
Term
Atom
Definition
basic unit of matter
Term
Subatomic particle
Definition
all units of matter smaller than the atom
Term
Emergent property
Definition
a property that emerges as a result of interactions between components as complexity increases
Term
Energy
Definition
the capacity to do work
Term
All levels of biological organization are thermodynamically "_____________"
Definition
"Open systems"
Term
Energy Flow & Transformation
Definition
1) Sunlight goes into the producers
2) Heat comes out of these producers
3) The producers make chemical energy
4) This chemical energy goes into consumers
5) Heat comes out of these consumers
Term
Prokaryotic Cells
Definition
cells which lack internal cellular membranes
Term
Eukaryotic cells
Definition
cells which have a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles
Term
Cells
Definition
lowest level or organization that perform all activities required for life
Term
Inheritance
Definition
acquisition of traits by transmission of DNA from parent to offspring
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
Ability to maintain their structure and regulate their internal environment
Term
Three-Domain System
Definition
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Term
Kingdoms
Definition
Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia
Term
Taxonomic Classifications
Definition
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Term
Taxonomy
Definition
the branch of biology concerned with naming and classifying the diverse forms of life
Term
Matter
Definition
anything that takes up space and has mass
Term
Element
Definition
a substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions
Term
4 elements that make up about 96% of living matter
Definition
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
Term
Proton
Definition
Subatomic particle; one unit of positive charge
Term
Electron
Definition
subatomic particle; one unit of negative charge
Term
neutron
Definition
subatomic particle; no charge
Term
Atomic number
Definition
Number of protons
Term
Atomic mass number
Definition
Total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
Term
Isotopes
Definition
the atoms of the same element with different number of neutrons
Term
Valence electrons
Definition
the electrons in the atoms' electron shells
Term
Valence
Definition
the number of chemical bonds that an atom will form
Term
Valence of Hydrogen
Definition
1
Term
Valence of Oxygen
Definition
2
Term
Valence of Nitrogen
Definition
3
Term
Valence of Carbon
Definition
4
Term
An atom with an incomplete electron shell is ______
Definition
reactive
Term
An atom with a full electron shell is ________
Definition
Inert
Term
Hindenburg
Definition
Blimp that blew up because it was filled with Hydrogen, which is reactive
Term
Covalent Bonds
Definition
-involve the sharing of valence electrons by two atoms
-strongest of the chemical bonds
Term
Electronegativity
Definition
an atom's capacity to attract and hold electrons within a covalent bond
Term
C-C Bonds
Definition
Non-polar covalent bond; electronegativity is identical
Term
C-H Bonds
Definition
Non-polar covalent bond; electronegativity is very close
Term
O=O Bonds
Definition
Non-polar covalent bond; electronegativity is identical
Term
Polar Covalent bond
Definition
atoms making up the bond are significantly different in their electronegativity; there is an unequal sharing of the electrons
Term
Dipole:
Definition
A separation of charge
Term
Ionic Bond
Definition
occurs when 2 atoms are so unequal in their attraction for valence electrons that the more electronegative atom strips an electron from another atom
Term
Cation
Definition
have a positive charge because they donate electrons
Term
Anions
Definition
have a negative charge because they accept electrons
Term
Hydrogen Bonds
Definition
a weak association between a hydrogen atom (which is already covalently bonded to a more electronegative atom) and another electronegative atom
Term
van der Waals interactions
Definition
- non-specific, weak interactions between two closely-space atoms
- found in every single molecule we know of
- occur due to random fluctuations in electron distributions around the atoms involved
- a transient dipole exists between the two atoms
Term
Transient Dipole
Definition
a temporary separation of equal and opposite partial charges within a region of a molecule
Term
Cohesion
Definition
attraction between like molecules
Term
Adhesion
Definition
attraction between unlike molecules
Term
Surface tension
Definition
the force that allows the surface of a liquid to stretch without breaking, due to the ordered arrangement of water molecules hydrogen-bonded to one another at the surface of the water
Term
Specific heat
Definition
the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 gram of that substance to change its temperature by 1 degree Celsius
Term
Heat
Definition
the total kinetic energy due to the motion of molecules within matter
Term
Kinetic energy
Definition
the energy of motion
Term
Temperature
Definition
the measure of heat of matter; represents the average kinetic energy, regardless of volume
Term
High heat of vaporization
Definition
quantity of heat energy required for 1 gram of a substance to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state
Term
Evaporative cooling
Definition
As water evaporates, the surface of the liquid that remains behind cools down; the hottest molecules are the most likely to evaporate, so what's left is on average cooler.
Term
Polar substances are (hydrophobic/hydrophilic)
Definition
Hydrophilic
Term
Nonpolar substances are (hydrophobic/hydrophilic)
Definition
Hydrophobic
Term
Dissociation
Definition
The hydrogen atom of one water molecule leaves an electron behind, and joins with another water molecule as a hydrogen ion
Term
Acid
Definition
A substance which increases the concentration of H+ in a solution (adds protons); lowers pH
Term
Base
Definition
A substance which reduces the concentration of OH- in a solution (gets rid of protons); raises pH
Term
Acid Rain
Definition
any form of precipitation where the pH of the precipitation is below pH 5.5
Term
Which atoms are the most versatile building blocks of molecules?
Definition
Carbon atoms
Term
Hydrocarbons
Definition
molecules that contain only hydrogen and carbon; major components of fossil fuels; generally hydrophobic
Term
Isomers
Definition
molecules which contain the same atoms but have those atoms arranged in different patterns
Term
Structural Isomers
Definition
molecules which contain the same atoms but have a different shape because the atoms are arranged differently
Term
Geometric Isomers
Definition
molecules which contain the same atoms but the groups around a carbon-carbon double bond are arranged differently
Term
Enantiomers
Definition
Isomers that are mirror images of one another
Term
Thalidomide
Definition
drug used to treat morning sickness in the 1950's; caused birth defects
Term
Hydroxyl
Definition
- (-OH)
- polar (because the electrons are closer to the oxygen than the hydrogen)
- hydrogen bonds with water
- can help dissolve organic compounds such as sugars
Term
Carbonyl
Definition
- (-C=H)
- Polar
- Ketone or Aldehyde
Term
Ketone
Definition
Carbonyl functional group; only if the carbonyl group is within the carbon skeleton
Term
Aldehyde
Definition
Carbonyl functional group; only is the carbonyl group is at one of the ends of the carbon skeleton
Term
Carboxyl
Definition
- (-COOH)
- has acidic properties (H+ donor)
- participates in the formation of a peptide bond between amino acids in proteins
- Polar
Term
Amino
Definition
- (-NH2)
- accepts H+ from water in living systems (takes on a 1+ charge)
- acts as a base
- participates in the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids in proteins
Term
Sulfhydryl
Definition
- (-SH)
- 2 of these functional groups can form a covalent bond to help stabilize protein structure
- Determines curliness of hair
Term
Phosphate
Definition
- (-PO4)
- Polar
- These are important in energy transfer in cells
Term
Methyl
Definition
- (-CH3)
- Very nonpolar functional group
- Hydrophobic
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