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BIO 120.1
Animal Phylogeny
68
Biology
Undergraduate 1
01/28/2010

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Cards

Term
Define Systematics
Definition
A discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships.
Term
Define Phylogeny
Definition
The evolutionary history of a species or group of species.
Term
Define Taxonomy
Definition
A scientific discipline concerned with naming and classifying the diverse forms of life.
Term
List the domains and current kingdoms of life.
Definition

Domains: Archaea, Eukarya, Bacteria

 

Kingdoms of Eukaryotes: Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista

Term
Describe how horizontal gene transfer has contributed to the tree of life.
Definition
Horizontal gene transfer is a process in which genes are transferred from one genome to another through mechanisms such as exchange of transposable elements and plasmids, viral infection and perhaps fusions of organisms. Endosymbiosis can be a cause of horizontal gene transfer.
Term
Describe the main characters shared by all animals.
Definition
Senses, hox genes, all the basic characteristics of life, cytoskeletons.
Term
Describe the role of Hox Genes in animal development.
Definition
Hox Genes play important roles in the development of animal embryos, controlling the expression of dozens or even hundreds of other genes that influence animal morphology.
Term
Describe the evidence of animal life in the Neoproterozoic Era.
Definition
There are fossils of Ediacaran Biota.
Term
What are the two main types of animal symmetry?
Definition

Radial: Round, always symmetric.

 

Bilateral: 2-sided

 

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Term
What are the 3 embryonic germ layers?
Definition

Ectoderm: Outermost germ later.

 Mesoderm: Middle germ layer.

Endoderm: Innermost germ layer.

 

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Term
What is a protostome?
Definition

An organism whose mouth develops from the blastopore.

 

Pro- First, Stom-Mouth

 

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Term
What is a deuterostome?
Definition

An organism whose anus develops from the blastopore.

Echinoderms and Chordates are all deuterostomes.

 

Deuter- Second, Stom-Mouth

 

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Term
How does animal symmetry match an organism's way of life?
Definition
Most radial animals tend to be sedentary or drifters, and bilateral animals are directionally mobile.
Term
Explain the functions of a body cavity.
Definition

1. The fluid inside the body cavity cushions organs.

 

2. Enables organs to move independently from the outer body wall.

Term
What are the 3 types of body cavities?
Definition

Acoelomate: No body cavity.

 

Pseudocoelomate: Body cavity formed from the mesoderm and the endoderm.

 

Coelomate: Body cavity formed from only the mesoderm.

 

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Term
What are the 2 types of embryonic growth and which type of cleavage is associated with each?
Definition

Determinate: Cleavage rigidly casts the developmental fate of each embryonic cell very early. Associated with spiral cleavage.

 

Indeterminate: Each cell produced by early cleavage divisions retains the capacity to develop into a complete embryo. Associated with radial cleavage.

 

Indeterminate growth allows for identical twins to form.

Term
What sets sponges apart form other animals?
Definition

They are basal animals thsat lack true tissues.

 

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Term
What is the significance of the choanocyte cells sponges possess?
Definition
Choanocytes are similar to choanoflagellates suggesting that animals evolved from a choanoflagellate-like ancestor.
Term
What are the characters of the eumetazoa?
Definition

All contain true tissues, unlike the porifera.

 

 

Term
What the 2 body forms of the Cnidaria?
Definition

Polyp: Cylindrical form that adheres to the substrate by the aboral end of their body and extend their tentacles.

 

Medusa: Flattened out, mouth down version of the polyp. It moves freely in the water by a combination of passive drifting and contractions of its bell shaped body.

 

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Term
What is a cnidocyte and how does it function?
Definition

Cnidocyte: Cells unique to cnidarians that function in defense and prey capture. They contain cnidae, capsule-like organelles that are capable of exploding outward when triggered.

 

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Term
What groups of animals that we have discussed are included in the group Lophotrochozoa?
Definition

Platyhelminthes, Mollusca, and Annelida.

 

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Term
What are some characteristics of Platyhelminthes (flatworms)?
Definition

1. Acoelomates

 

2. Protonephridia: Networks of tubules with ciliated structures called flame bulbs that pull fluid through branched ducts opening to the outside.

 

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Term
What are some characters molluscs share?
Definition

Visceral Mass: Covered by mantle.

Muscular Foot

Radula: Rasp-like feeding organ

Term
What are some examples of molluscs?
Definition
Snails, slugs, oysters, clams, octopuses, and squid.
Term
What is an annelid?
Definition

A segmented worm.

 

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Term
What are some advantages to the annelid's segmentation?
Definition
Independent segment movement allows for a wider variety of movement than non-segmented worms, and segmented worms can regenerate from a partial body.
Term
What groups of animals are included in the group ecdysozoa?
Definition

Nematoda and Arthropoda.

 

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Term
What is the common character all ecdysozoa share?
Definition

They shed their tough external coat known as a cuticle.

 

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Term
What is the common name of the group Nematoda?
Definition

Roundworms.

 

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Term
What are some characteristics of Nematodes?
Definition
Pseudocoelomates, non-segmented body.
Term
What physical features make arthropods so sucessful?
Definition

Segmented bodies, hard exoskeleton, and jointed appendages.

 

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Term
What are some groups of animals included within the arthropods?
Definition
Crustaceans, Arachnids, Centipedes, Millipedes, Insects, Barnacles
Term
What are some common characteristics of Deuterostomes?
Definition

Radial cleavage, anus forms from blastopore, bilaterian or modified radial symmetry.

 

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Term
Which two phyla belong to the group deuterostomes?
Definition

Echinodermata, and Chordata

 

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Term
What are some examples of echinodermata?
Definition

Sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, feather stars, and sea daisies.

 

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Term
What key features do echinoderms have?
Definition

Water Vascular System: Network of hydraulic canals branching into extensions(tube feet) that function in locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange.

 

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Term
What groups of animals are included in the chordata?
Definition

1. Lanclets

2. Tunicates

3. Hagfishes

4. Vertebrates

 

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Term
List and define the 4 key innovations that distinguish the chordate.
Definition

1. Notochord: Longitudinal, flexible rod located between the digestive tube and nerve chord. Consistes of large, fluid-filled cells encased in fibrous, fairly stiff tissue.

 

2. Dorsal Hollow Nerve Chord: Developed from a plate of the ectoderm that rolls into a tube located dorsal to the notochord.

 

3. Pharyngeal Slits or Clefts: A series of pouches separated by grooves alongside the pharynx. Mostly develops into slits allowing water to exit the body without passing through the entire digestive tract.

 

4. Muscular Post-Anal Tail

 

 

Term
What animal is an example of Cephalochordata?
Definition

Lanclets

 

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Term
What is an example of a Urochordate?
Definition

Tunicates or Sea-squirts

(only exhibit chordate characteristics in their larval form)

 

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Term
Explain what lanclets suggest about the evolution of the chordate brain.
Definition
The vertebrate brain is an elaboration of an ancestral structure similar to the lanclet's simple nerve cord tip.
Term
What is a craniate?
Definition

An organism with a skull, brain, eyes, and other sensory organs.

 

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Term
What is a unique feature of Craniates?
Definition

Neural Crest Cells: Collection of cells that appears near the dorsal margins of the closing neural tube in an embryo.

 

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Term
What is another name for the group Myxini?
Definition

Hagfishes

 

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Term
What are some common characteristics of the Myxini?
Definition

Cartilage skull, jawless, no vertebrae, segmented muscles; small brain, ears, and nasal opening; mouths contain tooth-like formations.

 

 

Term
Are the Myxini considered vertebrates?
Definition
They are not vertebrates because they merely retian thier notochord as a strong flexible rod of cartilage, they do not have vertebrae.
Term
What are some characteristics of vertebrates that were not seen in other species?
Definition

More extensive skull, backbone composed of vertebrae.

 

The first group of vertebrates were the Petromyzontida or Lampreys.

 

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Term
What phyla of animals are incuded in the gnathostomes?
Definition
Any animal phyla which arose after and including the chondrichthyes.
Term
What groups of animals are included in the chrondrichthyes?
Definition

Sharks, rays, and their relatives.

 

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Term
What is the shared, derived character which characterize gnathostomes and began in the chondrichthyes?
Definition

Jaws.

Chondrichthyes also have skeletons composed primarily of cartilage, not bone.

Term
What phyla of animals are included in the group Osteichyans?
Definition

Everything after and including the Actinopterygii.

 

The actinopterygii are different from the chrondrichthyes because they have an ossified (bony) skeleton with a hard matrix of calcium phosphate.

 

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Term
What are the two phyla of animals which first evolved lobe-fins, and some characteristics of each?
Definition

Actinistia and Dipnoi.

 

The Actinistia are coelocanths, they have lobe-fins with skeletal extensions and extensive muscles (more like limbs).

 

The Dipnoi are lungfish, they are lobe-finned with lungs and gills. The used thier lobed fins to walk along the bottom of the body of water.

 

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Term
What are tetrapods?
Definition

Animals with limbs. Literally translates to "four feet" in greek.

 

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Term
What adaptations did tetrapods need for their transition to land?
Definition

Limbs, skeleton for support, and a neck.

Avoiding desiccation- Can't dry out or lose body fluid.

No gill slits, ears and other glands replaced them.

 

 

Term
What was the first phyla of tetrapods to evolve?
Definition

Amphibia

 

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Term
What are the 3 living classes of Amphibia?
Definition

Urodela- Salamanders

Anura- Frogs

Apoda- Caecilians

 

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Term
What are characteristics of the types of Amphibia?
Definition

Urodela- Side to side bending of body, paedomorphosis

 

Anura- Powerful legs, long sticky tongue, secrete mucus/ poison

 

Apoda- Legless, nearly blind

 

All amphibians are found in damp habitats, rely on moist skin for gas exchange, have external fertilization, shell-less eggs, and complex social behavior.

Term
Describe the amniotic egg and explain its significance in the evolution of reptiles and mammals.
Definition

The amniotic egg contains the amnion which protects the embryo in a fluid-filled cavity which cushions against mechanical shock and prevents desiccation.

 

This is important in the evolution of reptiles and mammals because it allows them to finally separate from the water completely.

 

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Term
Explain why the reptile clade includes birds?
Definition

They evolved from the big lizards (aka dinosaurs). Thay have an amniotic egg, but no hair or milk, so they cannot be considered mammals.

 

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Term
Explain why non-bird reptiles should be called ectotherms instead of cold-blooded.
Definition
The should not be referred to as cold-blooded because their blood is warm, but it is not heated by the body. Their blood is heated by external means, which gives rise to the name ectotherm.
Term
What modifications do birds have which makes them capable of flight?
Definition

Wings, feathers, hollow bones, no bladder, only one ovary/teste, keel muscle attatchment, one way breathing.

 

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Term
Describe the derived traits which are characteristic of mammals.
Definition

Mammals have hair/ fur, specialized teeth and produce milk.

 

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Term
Differentiate between the 3 Mammalian lineages.
Definition

1. Prototheria: Egg-layers

No nipples or placenta. Ex. Duck-billed Platypus.

 

2. Metatheria: Marsupials

Poorly developed placenta, shortened gestation, embryo not fully developed at birth. Ex. Koala.

 

3. Eutheria: True placenta

Placental mammals, fully developed offspring at birth. Ex. Humans.

 

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