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Bio 113-1
Intro/Embryology
64
Chemistry
Undergraduate 1
02/10/2012

Additional Chemistry Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Scientific Method
Definition
Hypothesis, gather data, interpret data, conclusion
Term
Creationism
Definition
Idea that there's a creater who created us by intelligent design.
Term
Agents of natural selection
Definition
Starvation, disease, predation
Term
Characteristics of living things
Definition

1.Organization - atoms→ molecules→ cells→ tissues→ organs→ organ system→ organism

2. Keeps an internal environment (homeostasis)

3. Takes in energy 

4. Responds to stimuli

5. Reproduction

6. Adaptaition

7. Growth

Term
5 Kingdoms
Definition
Monera, protista, plantae, fungi, animalia
Term
Principle of Casuality
Definition
Natural events have natural explanations and NOT supernatural ones.
Term
Principle #1 of modern biology
Definition

All organisms have "evolved."

Organisms that do not adapt will become extinct, one that adapt are extant (living).

Term
Drug Resistant Organisms - "DROs"
Definition

MRSA - Meth Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus -more than 19000 deaths in US since 2005

Resistance to methicillin, a second generation drug, after 1st generation penicillin

 

Term

Principle #2 of Biology

(Cell Theory)

Definition

Life is cellular - Robert Hooke - 1650's - saw that cork was made of dead cells

Leeuwenhoek - 1600's - saw bacterial protists in pond water

Term
Viruses
Definition

NOT CELLS - no cell membrane or cell wall.

- They reproduce; DNA is surrounded by proteins

- Can evolve - why we need flu shot ever year

- Exception to the cell theory!

Term
Prions
Definition

Causes Mad Cow Disease, or BSE - Bovine Spongitoiem Encephalopathy (brain disease)

Rogue proteins - diff molecular configuration, changes good proteins into unhealthy ones.

Term
3 types of Bacteria
Definition

Coccus - round (stapholococcus, streptococcus)

Spirillum - spirals (syphillis)

Bacillus - rods (tuburculosis)

Term
Why do we reproduce sexually?
Definition

Puts variability in populations so no one virus will wipe everyone out. 

Those with better traits will survive and adapt!

Term
Kingdom Monera
Definition

Prokaryotes: Cell membrane, genetic material, no nuclear envelope.

Bacteria: 10% are pathogenic, 90% are beneficial (decomposers)

Cyanobacteria/Cyanophytes - animals or plants?

Term
Kingdom Protista
Definition

Eukaryotes: have nuclear membranes

(See notes)

Term
Kingdom Fungi
Definition

NONE are autotrophic - they are enzymatic decomposers

Mushrooms - feed underground using the roots.

Top of mushroom is reproductive, releases spores.

(See notes for more on Fungi)

Term
Kingdom Plantae
Definition

Autotrophic - release oxygen via photosynthesis

Majority of oxygen comes from sea - phytoplankton and zooplankton

Term
Bryophytes
Definition

Non-vascular, don't have vessels

ex: moss, liverworts - simple, don't like sunlight, autotrophic

Term
Tracheophytes
Definition

Big because they are vascular.

Ex: Trees, bushes

Term
Difference Between Xylem and Phloem
Definition

Both vascular tissues

Xylem - brings water up from the roots

Phloem - transports organic nutrients from the roots

Term
Occam's Razor
Definition

Explanation with the last assumptions is often the right one!

*Watson and Crick's journal on DNA was only 600 words!*

Term
Deciduous Plants
Definition

Lose their leaves every fall

Ex: Elm tree, oak trees

Term
Coniferous Plants
Definition

Keep leaves year-round

Ex: Pinecones, evergreens, etc.

Term
Angiosperms
Definition
Flowering plants
Term
Kingdom Animalia
Definition

Multicellular heterotrophs

(see notes)

Term
4 Diagnostic Characteristics for Phylum Cordata
Definition

1. Notochord

2. Pharyngeal Gill Slits

3. Muscular post-anal tail

4. Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord

Term
Notochord
Definition

Early skeletal support rod - Mesoderm derivative

As humans, lost it at birth and got a vertebrae

Term
Pharyngeal Gill Slits (and their derivatives)
Definition

Ingest nutrients and release waste through gills

Eventually becomes:

1. Mandibular Arch (Jaws)

2. Anvil, Hammer, Stirrup (Middle earbones)

3. Thyroid glands

4. Hyoid bone (tongue)

5. Thymus

6. Eustation Tube - stabilizes air pressure on each side of eardrum

Term
What is Cervical Fistula?
Definition
When the pharyngeal gill slits do not close up at birth
Term
Muscular post-anal tail
Definition
Just below the digestive system, becomes the coccyx.
Term
Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord
Definition

Derived from the ectoderm

Hollow tube outside notochord, made up of nerves.

Becomes the Central Nervous System and brain

*Anencephaly - Born without a brain

 

Term
Spina Bifida
Definition
Caused by the incomplete closing of the neural tube, spine pokes out through hole in the skin
Term
Invertabrate Chordates
Definition

From the phylum cordata, has the 4 features but no developed vertebrae

Ex: Urochordata, Cephalocordata

Term
Von Baer's Law
Definition

The development of an organism develops from the more general to the most specific one at a time (sequentially)

Ex: Legs are formed before toes

Term
Haeckel's Biogenetic Law
Definition

"Ontogeny Recapitulates Phylogeny"

You yourself are restating the characteristics of your phylum/group

Term
Compare Dioecious and Dimorphic organisms
Definition

Dioecious: When an organism has two seperate genders

Dimorphic: The two seperate genders are discernible

*Not all dioecious organisms are dimorphic*

Term
Gametogenesis
Definition

Production of gametes for sexual reproduction

2 Kinds: Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis

Term
Describe Meiosis (I and II)
Definition

Meiosis I: Human Cell (1 cell with 46 chromosomes)

Interphase ( 1 cell with 92 chromosomes)

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase (2 cells with 46 chromosomes each)

Meiosis II: Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase (4 cells with 23 chromosomes each)

Term
Acrosome
Definition
On the tip of the sperm, enables the sperm to penetrate the egg
Term
Polyspermy
Definition

An egg that has been fertilized by more than one sperm.

In humans, a "wall" forms after initial fertilization that prevents other sperm from penetrating.

Term
Cytokenesis
Definition

Division of cytoplasm

Unequal in oogenesis, meiosis forms 3 polar bodies and 1 viable egg to enhance reproduction and create a "supercell" with a better chance of surviving.

Term
R-Strategist
Definition
Mother produces thousands of eggs, not all of them will survive. 
Term
K-strategist
Definition

Few eggs are produced, internal development.

Ensures embryo's survival.

Term
Stages of Embryo Development
Definition

Morula

Blastula

Implantation

Gastrula

Neurula

Term
Morula Stage
Definition
Mass of cleaving diploid cells
Term
Blastula Stage
Definition
The cells on the inside of the cell mass lose their adhesion via delamination - forms a blastocyst in mammals with a hollow blastocoel
Term
Blastocyst
Definition

In Mammals!

Contains an Inner Cell Mass (eventual fetus) and a trophoblast (eventual placenta)

Term
Delamination
Definition
When the cells of the morula lose their adhesion and eventually form a blastula
Term
Endometriosis
Definition
Implantation does not occur
Term
Gastrula Stage
Definition

Invagination - the blastocyst begins to hollow out via invagination.

Always opposite the point of sperm penetration

Term
Epiboly
Definition
Surface cells move to the point of invagination to form the different cell layers
Term
Ectoderm (and its derivatives)
Definition

Outer cell layer

1. Skin - epidermis (stratified squamous epithelium)

2. Nails

3. Sebacious (oil) glands

4. Pseudoriferous (sweat) glands

5. Ceruminous (wax) glands

6. Mammary glands (boobs)

7. Central Nervous System (brain and spinal cord)

 

Term
Mesoderm (and its derivatives)
Definition

1.Notochord - eventually replaced by skeleton (206 bones)

2.Dermis -2nd layer of skin, dense, irregular, has lots of fibers and connective tissues

3. Hypodermis - Tissue, nerve endings, adipose (fat)

4. Muscles - skeletal, cardiac, smooth/visceral

Term
Endoderm (and its derivatives)
Definition

Inner cell layer

1. Digestive tract (Archenteron - primitive gut)

2. Stomach, small and large intestine, liver, rectum, anus, gallbladder, pancreas

3. Oral Cavity

4. Pharynx, esophagus

5. Most of respiratory system

Term
Neurula Stage
Definition
The formation of the nervous system via the ectoderm
Term
Neurulation
Definition

Chordomesodermal mantle releases inductors/evocators that induces a mitotic change in the dorsal (rear) ectoderm

Ectoderm forms a thickened neural plate which will eventually close up into a neural tube around the notochord.

*Anterior before Posterior* 

Term
Cadherins
Definition

Proteins that are involved in the cells sticking together

 - Causes delamination in blastula stage

Term
Characteristics of the Protostome
Definition

"Mouth First"

- The blastopore that forms during the gastrula stage will become the mouth, other end will become anus.

- Spiral Cleavage: cells cleave on an axis - not symmetrical

- Coelum (body cavity) forms by schizocoelous (splitting) mesoderm

- If you excise a blastomere, it will terminate

Term
Characteristics of the Deuterostome
Definition

"Mouth Second"

Blastospore becomes the anus first, other end becomes the mouth.

- Radial cleavage: cells cleave symmetrically

- Coelum forms by enterocoelous (outpocketing) mesoderm

- If you excise a blastomere, it will form 2 normal larvae

*Phylum Cordata and Echinodermata are Deuterostomes*

Term
Coelom
Definition
Body cavity, can be formed via splitting mesoderm (schizocoelus) or outpocketing mesoderm (eneterocoelous)
Term
Homunculus Theory
Definition
The thought that there was a miniature human inside the sperm and the egg was the yolk.
Term
In Vitro
Definition

In a Dish

Ex: IVF - Egg is fertilized outside the uterus in a dish

Term
In Situ
Definition
In it's place, where it's supposed to be
Term
In Vivo
Definition
Using part of a live organism
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