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BIO-111 Unit 1
Chapters 1-3
76
Biology
Undergraduate 1
09/10/2012

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Term
Characteristics of Life
Definition

1. All living things are complex, organized and made of cells.

2. All living things maintain constant living conditions.

3. All living things respond to stimuli.

4. All living things use energy and aquire materials.

5. All living things grow.

6. All living things reproduce.

7. All living things have the capacity to evolve.

Term
Cell Theory
Definition
All life is made of cells and cells come from cells.
Term
What do cells contain?
Definition
Genes (DNA), organelles (cell parts) and a plasma membrane.
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
Maintaining the temperature, pH, and internal water pressure essential to life.
Term
What types of stimuli do living things respond to?
Definition
Light, heat, temperature, and water.
Term
Autotrophs
Definition
Produce their own food through a certain process.
Term
Photosynthesis
Definition
The process in which autotrophs take sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce sugar and oxygen gas.
Term
Heterotrophs
Definition
Do not make their own food so they either eat autotrophs or others of their kind.
Term
Saprotrophs
Definition

A type of heterotroph that decomposes living things.

e.g. fungi and bacteria

Term
What is the name of cell division in cells?
Definition
Mitosis
Term
Asexual Reproduction
Definition
Where the DNA is cloned rather than exchanged.
Term
Sexual Reproduction
Definition
Where the DNA is exchanged rather than cloned.
Term
What are the three domains of life?
Definition
Bacteria, archae eukarya.
Term

Bacteria are...

prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

unicellular or multicellular?

autotrophs, heterotrophs or saprotrophs?

 

Definition

prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

unicellular or multicellular?

autotrophs (cyanobacteria), heterotrophs or saprotrophs?

Term

Archae are...

prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

unicellular or multicellular?

autotrophs, heterotrophs or saprotrophs?

 

 

Definition

prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

unicellular or multicellular?

autotrophs, heterotrophs or saprotrophs?

 

* also they do not like oxygen gas 

Term

eukarya are...

prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

unicellular or multicellular?

autotrophs, heterotrophs or saprotrophs?

 

Definition

prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

unicellular or multicellular?

autotrophs, heterotrophs or saprotrophs?

 

Term
Kingdoms
Definition
Eukarya broken down into protista, animalia, plantae and fungi.
Term

Protista are...

unicellular or multicellular?

autotrophs, heterotrophs or saprotrophs?

 

 

Definition

unicellular or multicellular?

autotrophs, heterotrophs or saprotrophs?

 

Term

Animalia are...

unicellular or multicellular?

autotrophs, heterotrophs or saprotrophs?

 

Definition

unicellular or multicellular?

autotrophs, heterotrophs or saprotrophs?

 

Term

Plantae are...

unicellular or multicellular?

autotrophs, heterotrophs or saprotrophs?

 

Definition

unicellular or multicellular?

autotrophs, heterotrophs or saprotrophs?

 

Term

Fungi are...

unicellular or multicellular?

autotrophs, heterotrophs or saprotrophs?

 

Definition

unicellular or multicellular?

autotrophs, heterotrophs or saprotrophs?

 

Term
prokaryote 
Definition
no membrane bound organelles or bound nucleus or DNA
Term
eukaryotes
Definition
a definited membrane with organelles and DNA in a defined nucleus
Term
Steps of the Scientific Method
Definition

1. Observation

2. Preliminary Information

3. Hypothesis

4. Experiment

5. Data

6. Conclusion

7. Publish

Term
Atoms
Definition
base unit of matter
Term
Nucleus 
Definition
center of the atom that contains protrons and neutrons
Term
Proton
Definition
+1, 1.0 units, found in the nucleus
Term
Neutron
Definition
0, 1.0, found in the nucleus
Term
Electron
Definition
-1, 0.0, found outside the nucleus
Term
isotope
Definition
element with a different number of neutrons
Term
covalent bond
Definition
strong bond where the atoms are shared
Term
ionic
Definition
weak bond where one atoms loses and the other gains
Term
hydrogen bond
Definition
weakest bond between hydrogen and a select number of other elements that involved negative fields
Term
polar covalent bond
Definition
unequal sharing
Term
organic molecule are used for...?
Definition
structure, catalysts, genetic material, and hydro-carbons
Term
inorganic molecules are used for...?
Definition

transport, solvents, coolants, temperature stabilizers

(water)

Term
catalysts
Definition
enzymes
Term
genetic structures
Definition
chrosomes
Term
what four things make carbon unique?
Definition
(1) they may for 4 covalent bonds (2) can form double bonds (3) bonds are held close to carbon and provide great strenght (4) may form long chains, rings, helixes, globular forms
Term
what are the four major organic molecules in biology?
Definition
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
Term
What is the basic structure of a carbohydrate molecule?
Definition
(CH20)n
Term
What are the three points of carbohydrates?
Definition
They are principal storage structures, they make up certain structure, and their shape determines their properties.
Term
Monosaccharides
Definition

single sugar molecules (monomers)

 

Term
What are several examples of monosaccharides?
Definition
glucose, fructose, galactose and ribose
Term
[image]
Definition
structure of glucose (monosaccharide)
Term
What do monosaccharides do in the body?
Definition
They are used directly by the cell for energy and are oxidized by O2.
Term
What are the two points of dissacharides?
Definition
They are two monosaccharides and are small enough for transport in vascular tissue of plants.
Term
sucrose
Definition
glucose + fructose
Term
lactose
Definition
glucose + galactose
Term
maltose
Definition
glucose + glucose
Term
[image]
Definition
maltose
Term
Whate the the points of polysaccharides?
Definition
They are long monosaccharides and are long term storage.
Term
Examples of polysaccharides
Definition
starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin
Term
What happens to excess glycose in the blood?
Definition
It is converted to glycogen by the liver.
Term
What happens to excess glycogen?
Definition
It is converted to fat.
Term
What happend when there is a drop in blood glucose?
Definition
The liver hydrolyzes glucogen to glucose.
Term
What are the features of proteins?
Definition
They are the most abundant organic molecule in living systems and most diverse in structure, lenght, and shape.
Term
Protein used for structure...?
Definition
collagen, silk, organelles, bacteria coats, cell membranes
Term
Proteins used for regulation...?
Definition
growth hormones, sex hormones, insulin and glucose
Term
Protein used for contraction...?
Definition
muscle --> actin, myosin
Term
Protein used in blood components...?
Definition
antibodies and hemoglobin
Term
Proteins used as toxins...?
Definition
venoms, botulism, and viral toxins
Term
What is the smallest unit of proteins?
Definition
amino acid monomers
Term
How many amino acids are there?
Definition
20
Term
[image]
Definition
amino acid
Term
What are four structures of amino acids?
Definition
primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
Term
What are the points of lipids?
Definition
they are insoluble in polar substances, they are soluble in polar substances, they store energy, they provide strucure to cells, they are insulators and they are great shock absorbers
Term
What bonds are store heat energy in lipids?
Definition
The H-C Bond
Term
[image]
Definition
Two amino acids that have been added together in a process called dehydration synthesis.
Term
[image]
Definition
Two individual amino acids that will be added together in a process called dehydration synthesis. The reverse process is called hydrolysis.
Term
[image]
Definition
The carboxyl portion that will part of the fatty acid and eventually the lipid.
Term
[image]
Definition
The amine portion of an amino acid.
Term
[image]
Definition
Glycerol and fatty acid molecules that will be added together to yield a lipid and 3 water molecules.
Term
[image]
Definition
The glycerol portion that will be added to the fatty acid.
Term
[image]
Definition
A carboxyl group.
Term
[image]
Definition
This is a lipid that has undergone dehydration synthesis. The reverse process is called hydrolysis.
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