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Bio 110
Purdue University Exam 1
144
Biology
Undergraduate 1
09/12/2012

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Cards

Term
What are the functional groups commonly found in biological molecules?
Definition

Carboxyl

Hydroxyl

Amino

Phophate

Term

What is a carbohydrates

a)Monomer?

b)Bond/linkage?

c)Common Use?

Definition

a)monosaccharides

b)glycocidic linkages

c)energy and structure

Term

What is a proteins

a)Monomer?

b)Bond/linkage?

c) Common Use?

Definition

a)amino acid

b)polypeptide

c)enzymes, structural, receptors, transporters, communication

Term

What is a Lipids

a)Monomer?

b)Bond/linkage?

c) Common Use?

Definition

a)there is no unifying monomer but they have a unifying property

b)ether bond, connects glycerol to fatty acids

c)membranes, long term energy storage, surround organs for protection, fat in animal bodies(insulation)

Term

What is a Nucleic Acid

a)Monomer?

b)Bond/linkage?

c) Common Use?

Definition

a)nucleotide

b)phophodiaster

c)DNA and RNA

Term
What are the different kinds of macromolecules?
Definition
Lipids, Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids, Proteins
Term
In which macromolecule do you find alpha and beta bonds? What is the difference?
Definition
You find this macromolecule in carbohydrates.  The alpha bond is glycogen and startch and they help with energy, the beta bond is cellulose(nondigestable) and this helps with structure.
Term
Which macromolecule does not have a monomer but a unifying property? What is that property?
Definition
The lipid does not have a unifying monomer, but does have a unifying property, they are all hydrophobic.
Term
What type of a bond is formed when the electronegativity is < or = .5?
Definition
nonpolar
Term
What type of a bond is formed when the electronegativity is > .5?
Definition
polar
Term
What is the basis for all biological molecules?
Definition
Carbon
Term
Which type of bonds are stable in water?
Definition
Covalent bonds
Term
What is an ionic bond?
Definition

 

 

 

an electrostatic attraction between positively and negatively charged ions

Term
Electronegativity
Definition
the tendency of an atom to attract electrons when it occurs as part of a compound
Term
What type of bonds are weak in water?
Definition
Ionic
Term
What is a covalent bond?
Definition

chemical bond based on the sharing of electrons between two atoms

Term
Hydrogen bonds occur with what other elements?
Definition
Oxygen and Nitrogen
Term
What is the characteristic that differentiates a polar covalent bond from a nonpolar covalent bond?
Definition
In a polar covalent bond the electrons are pulled towards one atom more than the other this results in an unequal sharing of charge, while in a nonpolar bond they are shared equally.
Term
True or False? A polar covalent bond is neutral.
Definition
True!
Term
What does it mean if something is hydrophillic?
Definition
that it has an affinity for water, it likes water
Term
What type of atoms are usually hydrophobic?
Definition
uncharged and nonpolar
Term
Define Hydrophobic
Definition
it has no affinity for water, it "hates" water
Term
What are the four types of lipids?
Definition
Terpenes, steroids, triglycerides, phospholipids
Term
What type of lipid has an isoprene monomer?
Definition
terpenes
Term
What are the characateristics of a terpene?
Definition

1. Long chains of hydrocarbons

2. Carbon comes in multiples of 5

3.fragrant and colorful

Term
Which type of lipid has a 4 carbon ring?
Definition
steroids
Term
What is the function of a steroid?
Definition
nutrition, cellular signaling, building blocks of cells
Term
What are most steroids derived from?
Definition
cholesterol
Term
What makes up a triglyceride?
Definition
three fatty acids and a glyceride
Term
What makes up a phospholipid?
Definition
two fatty acids, glycerol, phosphate, and a polar group
Term
Triglycerides are also commonly known as what?
Definition
simple lipids
Term
Carboxyl Functional group
Definition

[image]Acidic, --COOH

 

[image]

Term
What is the name of a triglyceride that is solid at room temperature? Liquid?
Definition

Solid-Fat

Liquid-oil

Term
What makes up a fatty acid?
Definition

long nonpolar hydrocarbon chain attached to the polar carboxyl

It has a hydrophobic tail and a hydrophillic head

Term
Hydroxyl functional group
Definition

Polar, --OH

 

[image]

Term
Amino functional group
Definition

Basic, --NH2

 

[image]

Term
Phosphate functional group
Definition

Negativley charged, PO42-

 

[image]

Term
True or False. Fatty acids in a single triglyceride must hace the same hydrocarbon chain length and/or structure.
Definition
False
Term
What small group of atoms puts their characteristics on larger molecules?
Definition
functional groups
Term
What do functional groups determine on a molecule
Definition
shape and reactivity
Term
Hydroxyl properties?
Definition
hydrogen bonds with water to help dissolve molecules, enables linkage to other molecules by condensation
Term
Carboxyl properties?
Definition
ionizes in living tissue, enters into condensation reactions by giving up -OH
Term
Amino properties?
Definition
accepts H+in living tissues to form -NH3+, enters into condensation reactions by giving up H+
Term
Phophate properties?
Definition
enters into condensation reaction by giving up -OH, when bonded to another phosphate, hydrolysis releases much energy
Term
What happens in a condensation reaction?
Definition
link monomers into polymers and produce water
Term
What takes place during a hydrolysis reaction?
Definition
polymers are broken down into monomers and consume water
Term
What are the other terms used to describe hydrolysis and condensation?
Definition

hydrolysis-degradation

condensation-synthesis

Term
Polymers are both made and broken down by a series of reactions involving____?
Definition
WATER
Term
How do phospholipids act in aqueous environment?
Definition
they line up so that their nonopolar hydrophopic tails pack tightly together and the phosphate-group heads face outwards.  These usually end up forming a bilayer.
Term
What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated fatty acid?
Definition

Saturated- single carbon bonds, straight, pack together tightly

 

Unsaturated-one or more double bonds, do not pack together tightly

Term
What types of fatty acids reduce fluidity? increase fluidity?
Definition

Increase- short and unsaturated

 

Reduce-long and saturated

 

Term
What does it mean if a molecule is amphipathic?
Definition
it has two opposing chemical properties
Term
cohesion
Definition
is the capacity of water molecules to resist coming apart from one another when placed under tension
Term
monosaccharide
Definition

a simple sugar, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides are made up of these, the monomer for carbohydrates

Term
macromolecule
Definition
they are giant molecules made up by covalent linkages of smaller molecules
Term
monomer
Definition
a small molecule that makes up polymers, found in macromolecules.  Each type of macromolecule has its own unique monomer.
Term
polymer
Definition

a large molecule made up of similar or identical subunits called monomers

Term

If living organisms on another planet did not use carbon as the main element for construction of molecules, what property or properties should the element used as the molecular basis for life on this planet have?

A.  It should be able to form multiple bonds with other elements

B.   It should be one of the larger elements

C.  It should be one of the smaller elements

D.  It should have a low electronegativity to avoid forming ionic bonds

E.         It should easily form ions and come in many different isotopes

Definition
A. It should be able to form multiple bonds with other elements
Term
What do starches, cellulose, and glycogen have in common? What makes them different?
Definition

They are all types of carbohydrates. 

§  Starches- energy storage in plants

§  Glycogen- major energy storage molecule in mammals

§  Cellulose- more stable than others because of their linkages, used for structure

Term
What are the four types of proteins?
Definition
primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
Term
Primary Protein?
Definition
sequence of amino acids in poly peptide chain established by covalent bonds
Term
secondary protein
Definition
regular, repeated spatial patterns in different regions of polypeptide chain established by hydrogen bonding between the amino acids of primary structure can be alpha or beta
Term
tertiary protein structure
Definition
polypeptide chain bent at specific sites and then folded back and forth giving it a 3-D shape
Term
quaternary structure
Definition
subunits binded together and interact ex)hemoglobin
Term
hypertonic
Definition
high concentration with respect to other solution
Term
hypotonic
Definition
has a lower concentration with respect to the other solution
Term
Water always flows towards the ________ solution.
Definition
hypertonic
Term
If the solution outside the cell is hypertonic water will flow ___ the cell.
Definition
out of
Term
If the solution inside the cell is hypertonic water will flow ___ the cell.
Definition
into
Term
If the solution outside the cell is hypotonic water will flow ___ the cell.
Definition
into
Term
If the solution inside the cell is hypotonic water will flow ____ the cell.
Definition
out of
Term
How can you find the membrane structure through an experiment?
Definition
If you did an experiment like Gorter and Grendel, you would take the original surface area before they broke down the molecules and that number times however many layers of lipids are present should give you the surface area that would be found at the end of the experiment.
Term
What would a cell do to keep membrane fluidity when the temperature in its environment drops?
Definition
The cell would add short unsaturated fatty acids to increase the fluidity.
Term
What would a cell do to maintain fluidity in a hot environment?
Definition
the cell would add long saturated fatty acids to the membrane
Term
What is a micelle?
Definition
It is a single lipid layer 
Term
What is the fluid mosaic membrane made up of?
Definition
proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates
Term
What is the fluid mosaic model?
Definition
The lipid bilayer made up of phospholipids that create a lake.  In this lake the proteins float around, or diffuse laterally. It is like floats in a pool.
Term
List the parts of the cytoskeleton from smallest to largest.
Definition
microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
Term
What are the two main factors that affect membrane fluidity?
Definition
the lipid composition(saturated, unsaturated, short and long) and the temperature(high or low)
Term
What are the three main parts of the cell theory?
Definition

1. Cells are the fundamental units of life

2. All living organisms are composed of cells

3. All cells come from preexisting cells

Term
What can you imply from the cell theory?
Definition

1. Studying cell biology is in some sense the same as studying life.

2. Life is contiuous.

Term
What limits cell size? Why?
Definition
The surface area to volume ratio. Because the volume of the cell determines the amount of activity that occurs in the cell and the surface area of the cell determines how much it can let in and let out.  It is insufficent to have moer volume than the surface area can handle.
Term
Do you want the surface area to volume ratio to be large or small?
Definition
Large... highest number possible
Term
What are the different parts of the endomembrane system?
Definition

vesicles, rough ER, smooth ER, Golgi complex 

Term
What does the microfilament do for the cytoskeleton?
Definition
movement and division
Term
What is the function of microtubules?
Definition
transportation, tranporters attach to them
Term
What is the function of the intermediate filaments?
Definition
shape and structure, they are the most rigid
Term
What happens in the nucleus?
Definition

1. DNA is stored

2. DNA is transcribed and replicated

3.Ribosomes are formed in the nucleus

4. DNA is combined with proteins to form chromatin

Term
Where are collagen elastin and laminin found?
Definition
Extracellular membrane
Term
What does a triglyceride look like?
Definition
A glycerol head with 3 fatty acid(hydrocarbon) tails
Term
What does a phospholipid look like?
Definition
A phosphate, then a glycerol, followed by two fatty acid chains
Term
nucleotide
Definition
nitrogen base, pentose sugar, and one to three nitrogen groups
Term
nucleus
Definition
is the site of cellular DNA, comprises chromatin with associated proteins
Term
RNA vs DNA
Definition

RNA- single stranded, ribose, adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil

DNA-double strand, deoxyribose, adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine

Term
The bases of nucleic acids are either _____ or _____.  What is the difference between the two?
Definition

pyrimidine or purine

pyrimidine- six-membered single ring structure

purine-fused double ring structure

Term
What is a phophodiester bond?
Definition

the connection in a nucleic acid strand, formed by linking two nucleotides

Term
peptide bond
Definition

·      the bond between amino acids in a protein formed between a carboxyl group and amino group with the loss of water molecules

Term
What are the functions of membrane proteins?
Definition
move materials through the cell membrane and receive chemical signals from the cell's external environment
Term
glycolipid
Definition
a carb that is covalently bonded to a lipid, recognition signal for interactions between cells
Term
glycoprotein
Definition
carb covalently bonded to a protein, signaling sites, oligosaccharides
Term
transmembrane proteins
Definition
protrudes through both sides of the membrane
Term
isotonic
Definition
when the two solutions have equal solute concentrations, water still moving just equally
Term
What are the three types of passive diffusion?
Definition
simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis
Term
What is the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis?
Definition

Endocytosis- brings molecules and particles into the cell by surrounding them with the plasma membrane and then buds off as a vesicle into the cell

Exocytosis- removes materials from the cell, by fusing the material filled vesicle to the plasma membrane

Term
simple diffusion
Definition
the diffusion through the bilayer, small particles with no charge, high to low concentration
Term
facilitated diffusion
Definition
it uses channels and carriers for charged particles, high to low concentration
Term
osmosis
Definition
uses specialized channels called aquaporins to diffuse water across the membrane
Term
How does the sodium potassium pump work?
Definition
The higher concentration of K is inside the cell and Na is outside the cell. The potassium pumps these ions into and out of the cell respectivley, against their gradients.  It breaks down a molecule of ATP to ADP and a free phosphate ionand use the energy to bring two K ions into the cell and export three Na ions.  Each piece is a key to make it change shape.
Term
What is the dominant property of the membrane?
Definition
hydrophobic
Term
Types of active transport?
Definition
Coupled and counter transport
Term
Channel proteins
Definition
one straight path way down the middle, always passive
Term
Carrier Proteins
Definition
Either passive or active transport, opens and closes at both ends, lock and key
Term
three types of carrier proteins
Definition
uniport, antiport, symport
Term
peripheral protein
Definition
never actually connects to the membrane
Term
transmembrane protein
Definition
goes all the way through the cell membrane
Term
lysosomes and their process
Definition
Primary lysosome from the golgi fuses with a phagosome formed from the outside of the cell, digests needed materials, releases undigested materials outside the cell
Term
What do prokaryotes lack that eukaryotes have?
Definition
membrane-enclosed internal compartments
Term
eukaryotes have ___, but prokaryotes do not.
Definition
organelle
Term
Prokaryotes basic structure
Definition
  1. plasma membrane encloses the cell
  2. nucleoid- region where DNA is located
  3. cytoplasm
Term
The cytoplasm has which two components?
Definition

cytosol- mostly water

Ribosomes- complexes of RNA and proteins, protein synthesis

Term
What are the specialized features in a prokaryote?
Definition
cell walls, internal membrane, flagella, and cytoskeleton
Term
A ____ is a stack of thylakoids.
Definition
granum
Term
mitochondria
Definition
cells powerplant
Term
cytoskeleton
Definition
supports the cell and is involved with in cell and organelle movement
Term
What happens on the thylakoid membrane?
Definition
light energy is converted into chemical energy
Term
Rough ER
Definition
the site of much protein synthesis which occurs on ribosomes on its surface
Term
Smooth ER
Definition
proteins and other molecules are chemically modified
Term
golgi apparatus
Definition
processes and packages proteins
Term
chloroplasts
Definition
harvest the energy of sunlight to produce sugar
Term
What happens in the nucleolus?
Definition
ribosomes begin to be assembled from RNA and proteins
Term
vesicles
Definition
shuttle substances between various components
Term
What is autophagy?
Definition
the programmed destruction of cell components
Term
What does the mitochondria mainly make?
Definition
ATP
Term
What is a unique feature in the mitochondria?
Definition
two lipid bilayers
Term
What is the name of the inner membrane in the mitochondria?
Definition
cristae
Term
The fluid filled region inside the inner membrane is referred to as what?
Definition
matrix
Term
What is a more general name for chloroplast?
Definition
plastid
Term
Which organelles are part of the endomembrane system?
Definition
Rough ER, Smooth ER, Golgi, vesicles, lysosomes.
Term
Vacuoles
Definition
usually found in plants and fungi, but have many functions, storage, structure, reproduction, catabolism
Term
centrioles
Definition
associated with nuclear division and formation of cilia
Term
What are the important roles of the cytoskeleton in the cell?
Definition
support, controls the position and movement of organelles, bulk movement of the cytoplasm, anchors the cell in place
Term
endosymbiosis
Definition
is the theory of the formation of mitochondria and the cholorplasts, they came from two prokaryotes, because they have characteristics of a prokaryote DNA
Term
centrosome
Definition
major microtubule organizing center of animal cells
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