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BIO 10 FINAL LYNCH
Final review for Lynch, BIO 10
283
Biology
Undergraduate 1
12/13/2013

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Term
Why are you able to float a needle on the surface of water?
Definition
The surface tension that is a result of waters cohesive properties
Term
A hormone destined for secretion from the cell would be manufactured by ribosomes ___________.
Definition
Attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
Term
Which of the following is a characteristic of mitochondria that suggests that they might have evolved from free-living bacteria?
Definition
Mitochondria have their own DNA
Term
What evidence suggests that mitochondria might have evolved before chloroplasts?
Definition
Almost all eukaryotes have mitochondria but only some cells have chloroplasts
Term
What name is given to bonds that involve the sharing of electrons?
Definition
Covalent
Term
The Golgi apparatus _____________
Definition
Stores, modifies, and packages proteins.
Term
____________ are the major lipids of plasma membranes.
Definition
Phospholipids
Term
Functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum include ____________
Definition
Lipid synthesis, steroid synthesis, and drug detoxification.
Term
Isotopes of an element have the same number of _________ and different numbers of __________.
Definition
Protons...neutrons
Term
In a scientific experiment, the control group _________
Definition
Serves as a basis of comparison with the experimental group.
Term
The membranous compartmentalization of a cell
Definition
Allows different metabolic processes to occur simultaneously
Term
How many oxygen atomsare in the products of the following reaction? C6H12O6+6 H2O+6 O2-->6 CO2+12 H2O
Definition
24
Term
Destruction of a protein's shape is called ____________.
Definition
Denaturation
Term
A branch of biology that explains both the diversity and the unity of life is _______.
Definition
Evolution
Term
If one strand of a DNA helix has the sequence AGTACTG, what will be the sequence of the other stand?
Definition
TCATGAC
Term
All organisms and nonliving components of a particular environment are referred to as a(n) __________.
Definition
Ecosystem
Term
The tendency of molecules to stick together is called _________.
Definition
Cohesion
Term
Which of the following is a function of the plasma membrane?
Definition
Regulation of the passage of material into and out of the cell
Term
As a _______ is to a cell, a(n) _______ is to a multicellular organism.
Definition
Lysosome... digestive system
Term
Life is organized in a hierarchical fashion. Which one of the following sequences illustrates that hierarchy as it increases in complexity?
Definition
Molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem
Term
The bond between oppositely charged ions is a(n) _______ bond.
Definition
Ionic
Term
Which of the following elements is NOT one of the four most common elements in living systems?
Definition
Zinc
Term
What are the two main processes that ecosystems depend upon?
Definition
Nutrient cycling and energy flow
Term
Adjacent water molecules are joined by _______ bonds.
Definition
Hydrogen
Term
Plant cells, unlike animal cells, are characterized by the presence of a _______
Definition
Cell wall and central vacuole
Term
The primary structure of a protein is __________
Definition
the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide chain.
Term
Beryllium's atomic mass is 9 and its atomic number is 4. How many neutrons are found in a beryllium atom?
Definition
5
Term
The following molecule is best described as a __________.
CH3--CH2--CH2--CH2
Definition
hydrocarbon
Term
Which organelle is responsible for photosynthesis?
Definition
chloroplast
Term
__________ is an example of an element.
Definition
Carbon
Term
Why is water considered a polar molecule?
Definition
Its electrons spend more time with its oxygen than with either hydrogen.
Term
Saturated fats are saturated with _________
Definition
hydrogen.
Term
What are the basic units of life?
Definition
cells
Term
What is the name given to the reaction that breaks peptide bonds?
Definition
hydrolysis
Term
Which of these is required for natural selection to occur?
Definition
Unequal reproductive success, individual variation, inheritance, overreproduction
Term
The lower the pH of a solution, the ________
Definition
more acidic the solution.
Term
Animals store carbohydrates as _________
Definition
glycogen.
Term
An atom with a positive charge has ________
Definition
more protons than electrons.
Term
What is a gene?
Definition
A unit of heredity.
Term
The functions of the central vacuoles of plant cells include:
Definition
storing pigments that will help attract pollinating insects, storing waste products, storing poisons, helping increase the size of cells by absorbing water.
Term
What name is given to the organelle that manufactures the components of ribosomes?
Definition
Nucleolus.
Term
Sugar dissolves when stirred into water. The sugar is the ______, the water is the _____, and the sweetened water is the _______.
Definition
solute.... solvent... solution
Term
Enzymes are _________
Definition
proteins.
Term
Which domain(s) consist(s) of prokaryotic cells?
Definition
Bacteria and Archaea.
Term
In the following reaction, galactose is a _________.
galactose+glucose--->lactose+water
Definition
monomer
Term
Members of the kingdom Plantae differ from members of the other kingdoms of Eukarya in that most members of the kingdom Plantae _________
Definition
produce their own food.
Term
A hypothesis is a(n) _________
Definition
tentative explanation.
Term
The difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is that eukaryotic cells _________ prokaryotic cells.
Definition
have a nucleus surrounded by a membrane, which is lacking in
Term
What name is given to the following reaction?
galactose+glucose--->lactose+water
Definition
dehydration reaction
Term
As cell size increases, the _________
Definition
volume increases faster than the surface area.
Term
The principle that energy cannot be created or destroyed is known as _________
Definition
conservation of energy.
Term
Which of the following best describes the direct mechanism of ATP production during photosynthesis?
Definition
Use of the energy stored in hydrogen ion (H+) gradients; the potential energy of the proton gradient is released as the protons move down their gradient through special membrane protein channels; this energy is converted to chemical bond energy in the ATP molecule.
Term
The energy of motion is _________ energy.
Definition
kinetic
Term
CAM plants conserve water by _________
Definition
keeping their stomata closed during the day.
Term
Pyruvic acid must be converted to _________ in order to enter the citric acid cycle.
Definition
acetyl-CoA
Term
What name is given to the membranous sacs found within a chloroplast?
Definition
thylakoids
Term
Which component of the following reaction is the enzyme?
lactose+lactase+water--->lactase+glucose+fructose
Definition
lactase
Term
What is the function of the stomata?
Definition
water absorption
Term
The primary mechanism by which CO2 contributes to global warming is by _________
Definition
preventing the radiation of heat from Earth to space (greenhouse affect).
Term
Ozone:
Definition
protects Earth from UV radiation.
Term
Which part of cellular respiration produces the most NADH?
Definition
citric acid cycle
Term
_________ is to photosynthesis as _________ is to the cellular respiration.
Definition
NADP+... NAD+
Term
The final electron acceptor of aerobic respiration is _________
Definition
oxygen.
Term
Active transport _________
Definition
can involve the trasnport of ions, uses ATP as an energy source, requires the cell to expend energy, can move solutes against their concentration gradient.
Term
Which of the following equations best summarizes photosynthesis?
Definition
6 CO2+6 H2O--->C6H12O6+6 CO2
Term
The shorter the wavelength of visible light, the _________
Definition
greater the energy.
Term
In cellular respiration, the most ATP is produced directly as a result of _________
Definition
the release of the potential energy from the H+ gradient.
Term
Osmosis can be defined as _________
Definition
the diffusion of water.
Term
What form of energy is ATP?
Definition
potential
Term
What name is given to a discrete packet of light?
Definition
photon
Term
The Calvin cycle makes direct use of _________ to make _________.
Definition
CO2, ATP, and NADPH... sugar
Term
Substances that plug up an enzyme's active site are _________
Definition
enzyme inhibitors.
Term
Runners exercising near busy roads in high traffic areas might breathe in enough carbon monoxide to affect their cellular metabolism. Carbon monoxide will interfere with ATP production by _________
Definition
blocking the transfer of electrons from the electron transport chain to oxygen.
Term
Breathing faster when we exercise is necessary to expel _________
Definition
carbon dioxide and bring in more oxygen to support aerobic metabolism.
Term
When oxygen delivery become insufficient to support a runner's aerobic metabolism, cells switch to an emergency mode in which _________
Definition
ATP is inefficiently produced and lactic acid is generated as a by-product.
Term
Aerobic means with
Definition
oxygen
Term
Which of the following statements is completely true?
Definition
Oxidation is the loss of electrons, reduction is the gain of electrons
Term
What compound directly provides energy for cellular work?
Definition
ATP
Term
In which organelle does photosynthesis take place?
Definition
chloroplast
Term
The Calvin cycle requires _________ and _________ from the light-dependent reactions in order to operate.
Definition
RuBP... NADP+
Term
What term is used to describe a situation in which the energy released from one reaction provides the energy required for another reaction?
Definition
energy coupling
Term
Facilitated diffusion across a biological membrane requires _________ and moves a substance _________ its concentration gradient.
Definition
transport proteins... down
Term
Enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by _________
Definition
decreasing activation energy.
Term
The region of an enzyme to which a substrate binds is called the _________ site.
Definition
active
Term
Which reaction of cellular respiration is analogous to the light reactions of photosynthesis?
Definition
electron transport chain
Term
The light reactions of photosynthesis convert _________ energy to _________ energy.
Definition
solar... chemical
Term
Which of these equations describes aerobic cellular respiration?
Definition
glucose+oxygen--->carbon dioxide+water+energy
Term
You are adrift in the Atlantic Ocean and, being thirsty, drink the surrounding seawater. As a result, _________
Definition
you dehydrate yourself.
Term
_________ is to eating as _________ is to drinking.
Definition
Phyagocytosis... pinocytosis
Term
A product of glycolysis is _________
Definition
pyruvic acid.
Term
A balloon permeable to water but not to glucose contains 10% glucose solution. A beaker contains a 5% glucose solution. Which of the following is true?
Definition
The solution in the balloon is hypertonic relative to the solution in the beaker.
Term
Anaerobic respiration produces a maximum of _________ ATP per glucose.
Definition
2
Term
How many molecules of glucose are produced by each cycle of the light reaction?
Definition
0
Term
Diffusion is an example of _________
Definition
passive transport.
Term
The sum total of all chemical reactions that occur in organisms is called _________
Definition
metabolism.
Term
Which of the following is the correct sequence of stages in cellular respiration?
Definition
glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain
Term
Respiration _________, and cellular respiration _________.
Definition
is gas exchange... produces ATP
Term
The ultimate source of (nearly) all energy in food produced on Earth is _________
Definition
sunlight.
Term
A horse eating some hay is an example of _________
Definition
a consumer eating a producer.
Term
_________ is the source of the oxygen gas released by a photosystem.
Definition
H2O
Term
Cutting DNA with a particular restriction enzyme produces _________ that can be separated by gel electrophoresis.
Definition
restriction fragments
Term
Alleles of a gene are found at _________ chromosomes.
Definition
the same locus on homologous
Term
Which one of the following sequences best describes the flow of information when a gene directs the synthesis of a cellular component?
Definition
DNA-->RNA-->protein
Term
Which of the following is a feature of plant cell division that distinguishes it from animal cell division?
Definition
a cell plate forms
Term
Karyotyping
Definition
can reveal alterations in chromosome number
Term
Translation consists of which of the following?
Definition
DNA replication
Term
Nondisjunction occurs when
Definition
members of a chromosome pair fail to seperate
Term
The genetic material is duplicated during
Definition
S phase
Term
What is a testcross?
Definition
A mating between an individual of unknown genotype and an individual homozygous recessive for the trait of interest.
Term
A color-blind woman mates with a man who is not color-blind. All of the sons and none of the daughters are color-blind. What is the explanation of this result?
Definition
The gene for color vision is linked to the X chromosome.
Term
Which of the following best explains why dominant alleles that cause lethal disorders are less common than recessive alleles that cause lethal disorders?
Definition
Most individuals carrying a lethal dominant allele have the disorder and die before they reproduce, whereas individuals carrying a lethal recessive allele are more likely to be healthy and reproduce.
Term
The production of multiple indentical copies of gene-sized pieces of DNA defines
Definition
gene cloning
Term
Why are sex-linked conditions more common in men than in women?
Definition
Men need to inherit only one copy of the recessive allele for the condition to be fully expressed.
Term
Which one of the following is a difference between sexual and asexual reproduction?
Definition
Sexual reproduction is more likely to increase genetic variation than asexual reproduction.
Term
Which one of the following is FALSE? Cell division
Definition
is common in eukaryotes but rare in prokaryotes.
Term
Examine the following sentence. "Where is the cat?" Which one of the following variations of this sentence is most like a chromosomal deletion?
Definition
Where is cat?
Term
DNA replication
Definition
uses each strand of a DNA molecule as a template for the creation of a new strand.
Term
Which of these is NOT a component of meiosis?
Definition
random fertilization
Term
Gel electrophoresis sorts DNA molecules on the basis of their
Definition
size
Term
If one strand of DNA is CGGTAC the corresponding strand would be
Definition
GCCATG
Term
Prior to mitosis, each chromosome of a eukaryotic cell consists of a pair of identical structures called
Definition
sister chromatids
Term
Independent orientation of chromosomes at metaphase I and random fertilization are most like
Definition
shuffling cards and dealing out hands of poker
Term
The directions for each amino acid in a polypeptide are indicated by a codon that consists of _________ nucleotide(s) in an RNA molecule.
Definition
3
Term
DNA ligase binds
Definition
nucleotides together
Term
Which of the following does NOT enhance genetic diversity?
Definition
mitosis of somatic cells
Term
You are asked to culture an unidentified sample of animal tissue. You notice that the cells seem not to exhibit density-dependent inhibition. Which of the following choices would be the most likely source for this tissue sample?
Definition
a cancer
Term
Any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA is called
Definition
a mutation
Term
If the S phase was eliminated from the cell cycle, the daughter cells would
Definition
have half the genetic material found in the parental cell
Term
How many sex chromosomes are in the human gamete?
Definition
one
Term
A carrier of a genetic disorder who does not show symptoms is most likely to be _________ to transmit it to offspring.
Definition
heterozygous for the trait and able
Term
Imagine that beak color in finch species is controlled by a single gene. You mate a finch homozygous for orange (pigmented) beak wit ha finch homozygous for ivory (unpigmented) beak and get numerous offspring, all of which have a pale, ivory-orange beak. This pattern of color expression is most likely to be an example of
Definition
incomplete dominance
Term
Genes located close together on the same chromosomes are referred to as _________ genes and generally _________.
Definition
linked... do not sort independently during meiosis
Term
Which one of the following best describes the sequence of events of translation?
Definition
Codon recognition--->peptide bond formation--->translocation--->termination
Term
When animal cells are grown in a petri dish, they typically stop dividing once they have formed a single, unbroken layer on the bottom of the dish. This arrest of division is an example of
Definition
density-dependent inhibition
Term
Approximately what percentage of human DNA is noncoding?
Definition
97%
Term
Varieties of plants in which self-fertilization produces offspring that are identical to the parents are referred to as
Definition
true-breeding
Term
Asexual reproduction requires _________ individual(s).
Definition
1
Term
The process by which the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell divides to produce two cells is called
Definition
cytokinesis
Term
What is the advantage of being able to clone the gene for human insulin?
Definition
Human insulin is less likely to provoke an allergic reaction than cow, pig, or horse insulin.
Term
The cell-cycle control system
Definition
receives messages from outside of the cell that influence cell division, includes three key checkpoints to complete a cell cycle, triggers and controls major events in the cell cycle, is influenced by growth factors that bind to cell receptors
Term
You conduct a dihybrid cross and then testcross the F1 generation. A _________ ratio would make you suspect that the genes are linked.
Definition
7:7:1:1
Term
During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up on a plane located equidistant from the two spindle poles?
Definition
metaphase
Term
If you commit a crime, you need to make sure that you do not leave even the smallest speck of blood, hair, etc., from your body behind because if you do, the DNA in this material can be amplified by _________, subjected to genetic analysis, and used to identify you as the perpetrator of the crime.
Definition
PCR
Term
Consider the following sentence: "The dog did not eat." Which one of the following variations of this sentence is most like a reading frame mutation?
Definition
The dod idn ote at.
Term
Which of the following is most like a pair of male human sex chromosomes?
Definition
a bride and groom
Term
Eukaryotic cells spend most of their cell cycle in which phase?
Definition
interphase
Term
What enzyme catalyzes the elongation of a new DNA strand?
Definition
DNA polymerase
Term
The phenotypic ratio resulting from a dihybrid cross showing independent assortment is expected to be
Definition
9:1:1:3
Term
Genetically modifying _________ cells may directly affect future generations.
Definition
germ
Term
A person with AB blood illustrates the principle of
Definition
codominance
Term
Bile from the liver is stored in the _________ before entering the intestine.
Definition
gallbladder
Term
Stratified squamous epithelium is well suited for
Definition
lining surfaces subject to abrasion.
Term
Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to the flow of blood in veins?
Definition
blood pressure generated by the heart
Term
When blood passes by body cells, the body cells
Definition
take up oxygen and release carbon dioxide to the blood.
Term
What is the most common cause of anemia?
Definition
iron deficiency
Term
Which of the following mechanisms does NOT help prevent the gastric juice from digesting the stomach lining?
Definition
conversion of pepsin into pepsinogen by a chain reaction
Term
Which of the following statements about erythrocytes is FALSE?
Definition
the main function of erythrocytes is to carry carbon dioxide
Term
Which of the following is most likely to be responsible if, when your blood sugar level rose, the level went back down?
Definition
a homeostatic mechanism based on negative feedback
Term
Absorption of water is one major function of which of the following structures?
Definition
colon
Term
When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes leads initially to the urge to breathe again?
Definition
rising carbon dioxide concentration
Term
Imagine an invertebrate that lives in an estuary where salinity varies cyclically with the tides. If this animal practices homeostasis with respect to the salt concentration of its body fluids, its salt concentration will show
Definition
slight fluctuation that are kept within a narrow range
Term
Which one of the following is FALSE?
Definition
Animals that extract food particles suspended in the surrounding water are called fluid feeders.
Term
Which one of the following is NOT an essential nutrient?
Definition
water
Term
In the countercurrent exchange systems of fish gills,
Definition
the blood and water flow in opposite directions.
Term
Which organ system removes the nitrogen-containing waste products from blood?
Definition
excretory system
Term
The liquid part of blood is called
Definition
plasma.
Term
Most nutrient absorption occurs in which part of the digestive system?
Definition
small intestine
Term
Which one of the following is the stage of food processing that removes undigested material from the body?
Definition
elimination
Term
Which one of the following is most closely associated with the digestive, respiratory, and excretory systems?
Definition
the circulatory system
Term
Most gastric ulcers are caused by
Definition
a prokaryote.
Term
A main function of most types of epithelial tissue is
Definition
covering surfaces.
Term
The esophagus and trachea both open into the
Definition
pharynx.
Term
Certain amino acids are called essential because they
Definition
cannot be made from other amino acids by the animal in question.
Term
An alimentary canal is best defined as
Definition
a tube-shaped digestive compartment that has two openings and through which food moves in one direction
Term
Which muscle tissue type is responsible for voluntary movement?
Definition
skeletal muscle only
Term
Which of the following vessels transports oxygenated blood from the lung back to the heart?
Definition
pulmonary vein
Term
In an open circulatory system,
Definition
there is no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid.
Term
Which of the following correctly lists the order of the organs of the human digestive system?
Definition
oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
Term
Human saliva performs all the following functions EXCEPT?
Definition
hydrolyzing proteins
Term
Heart attacks
Definition
result from the death of cardiac muscle cells.
Term
Blood flow through capillaries is controlled by
Definition
precapillary sphincters and smooth muscle in the walls of arterioles.
Term
The connection between structure and _________ is a basic concept of biology.
Definition
function
Term
Blood clots are formed by platelets and which plasma protein?
Definition
fibrinogen
Term
Organisms suffering from malnourishment have a diet deficient in
Definition
one or more of the essential nutrients.
Term
Which of these is an example of positive feedback?
Definition
labor pains increasing in frequency and intensity
Term
The main function of the AV node is to
Definition
relay the signal to contract to the ventricles.
Term
The tracheal system of an insect is most like which of the following?
Definition
The air duct system in a building.
Term
Which type of tissue forms a communication and coordination system within the body?
Definition
nervous
Term
What type of blood vessel is solely responsible for exchange between the blood and the interstitial fluid?
Definition
capillary
Term
What kind of vessel has the lowest blood velocity?
Definition
capillary
Term
Which of the following choices lists the correct path of carbon dioxide moving out from the interior of the body?
Definition
alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx
Term
Which one of the following is a hormone produced by adipose cells and which normally helps to control appetites?
Definition
leptin
Term
Essential fatty acids are
Definition
those fatty acids that we are unable to synthesize and that must be included in our diet.
Term
Digestion is the
Definition
chemical and mechanical breakdown of food.
Term
Arteries are distinguished from veins based on all of the following features EXCEPT
Definition
the amount of oxygen present in the blood.
Term
What kind of connective tissue has a liquid matrix?
Definition
blood
Term
What happens to nutrient macromolecules in an animal's digestive tract?
Definition
Nutrient macromolecules are digested to monomers before absorption.
Term
Which of the following structures is greatly expanded in size in a koala, resulting in a very large region for prokaryotes to digest plant material?
Definition
cecum
Term
Which of the following nutrients does NOT begin undergoing digestion until it reaches the small intestine?
Definition
fat
Term
Which one of the following types of tissues stores fat in the body?
Definition
adipose tissue
Term
Which of the following provides evidence that modern species have evolved from prior species?
Definition
Comparative embryology, biogeography, molecular biology, comparative anatomy
Term
The degree of adaptation that can occur in a population is limited by
Definition
the amount and kind of genetic variation in a population.
Term
Broccoli and cabbages are both descended from the same wild mustard and can be interbreed. The existence of these two vegetables is an example of
Definition
artificial selection.
Term
Gene flow is accomplished by _________
Definition
migration.
Term
Structures that evolved from the same structure in an ancestor are
Definition
homologous.
Term
Which one of the following statements is true?
Definition
Natural selection works on variation already present in a population.
Term
Which one of the following was NOT a main idea that Darwin advanced in his works?
Definition
New species can form by inheritance of acquired characteristics.
Term
By studying fossils in strata from many locations, scientists can learn about
Definition
macroevolution.
Term
Long-legged cheetahs are well adapted to catching prey. The ancestor of the cheetah is believed to have had relatively short legs. According to Darwinian views, the evolution of long-legged cheetahs is best explained by
Definition
directional selection.
Term
Ever since Darwin, systematics has tried to
Definition
provide a hierarchal classification system that reflects evolutionary relationships.
Term
Genetics drift resulting from a disaster that drastically reduces population size is called
Definition
a bottleneck effect.
Term
Natural selection can be defined as _________
Definition
descent with modification.
Term
Fitness increases when an organism
Definition
passes on a greater proportion of its genes to the next generation.
Term
Which one of the following best expresses the concept of natural selection?
Definition
differential reproductive success
Term
Your family is taking a long driving vacation across the midwestern and western United States. As you travel, you notice that the flowers, birds, and trees of the Midwest and the Rocky Mountains are very different. As you ponder why, you remember that such differences in the distribution of species are part of the field of _________
Definition
biogeography.
Term
The original source of genetic variation that serves as the raw material for natural selection is _________
Definition
random fertilization
Term
All of the alleles of all of the genes within a population defines that population's _________
Definition
gene pool
Term
A change in the relative frequencies of alleles in the gene pool of a population is called
Definition
microevolution
Term
Which one of the following is FALSE? Natural selection
Definition
results from an organism's needs.
Term
The similarity of the embryos of fish, frogs, birds, and humans is evidence of
Definition
common ancestry.
Term
A population is
Definition
the smallest unit that can evolve.
Term
Which one of the following people developed a theory of evolution identical to Darwin's?
Definition
Wallace
Term
A period of mass extinction is often followed by
Definition
explosive radiation.
Term
Which one of the following represents two structures tat are homologous?
Definition
the wing of a bat and the flipper of a whale
Term
During the _________, over 95% of marine species and many terrestrial species became extinct.
Definition
Permian
Term
Natural selection and the ability to generate perfection are limited by all of the following EXCEPT that
Definition
organisms with the greatest fitness often don't reproduce.
Term
Genetic differences between populations tend to be reduced by
Definition
gene flow.
Term
Which of the following is the process by which species not closely related may come to resemble one another if they live in a similar environment?
Definition
convergent evolution
Term
The fossil record shows all of following EXCEPT that
Definition
the first life forms were eukaryotes.
Term
A rabbit population consists of animals that are either very dark on top or very light on top. When examining them closely, biologists were surprised to find no rabbit with medium darkness, intermediate to the two extremes. This is an example of
Definition
disruptive selection
Term
Thirty people are assigned to live in a spaceship that is exploring other galaxies. The journey will take several hundred years and will be completed by the descendants of these crew members. The gene pool of the population on this ship when it returns is most likely to reflect
Definition
a founder effect.
Term
The similarities in function of hummingbird wings and the wings of a butterfly reflect
Definition
analogy but not homology.
Term
The three-domain system
Definition
subdivides the prokaryotes into 2 different domains.
Term
A Type I survivorship curve is the result of which of the following life-history traits?
Definition
Parents provide extended care for their young.
Term
You drive through Iowa in the spring and notice that every fence post for 3 km has a male redwing blackbird on it defending its nesting territory. This is an example of
Definition
uniform distribution.
Term
Why is the runoff from fertilized agricultural fields, even if free of pesticides, often harmful to the ecosystems of temperate lakes?
Definition
The runoff causes a surface algal bloom, which leads to decomposers using up the lake's oxygen.
Term
If an ecosystem has a carrying capacity of 1,000 individuals, and 2,000 individuals of that species are present, we can predict that the population
Definition
size will decrease.
Term
Which of the following frequently cycles through the environment, bypassing biotic components and relying completely on geological processes?
Definition
water
Term
Most of the best agricultural soils in the United States occur in areas that formerly were
Definition
grasslands
Term
A survivorship curve is a
Definition
graph that plots an individual's likelihood of being alive as a function of age.
Term
The increase in the concentration of a substance in the tissues of organisms as it is passed by a food chain is called
Definition
biological magnification.
Term
The relationship between cattle and the birds that eat insects stirred up by grazing cattle is an example of
Definition
commensalism.
Term
Using living organisms to clean up polluted ecosystems is known as
Definition
bioremediation.
Term
The single greatest threat to biodiversity is
Definition
habitat destruction.
Term
Fresh water and seawater mix into a(n)
Definition
estuary.
Term
The aspect of conservation ecology concerned with returning degraded ecosystems (as nearly as possible) to their predegraded state is
Definition
restoration ecology.
Term
The maximum number of individuals a habitat can support is called the
Definition
carrying capacity.
Term
The kind of vegetation is generally determined by the amount of
Definition
rainfall.
Term
A sperm whale in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean is in which oceanic zone?
Definition
Pelagic
Term
When a New England farm is abandoned, its formerly plowed fields first become weedy meadows, then shrubby areas, and finally forest. This sequence of plant communities is an example of
Definition
secondary succession.
Term
Which one of the following is NOT characteristic of the chaparral biome?
Definition
Low amounts of rainfall at unpredictable periods throughout the year.
Term
Given that CO2 is produced by respiration, why dos the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere remain relatively constant? (When answering this question exclude the impact of human activities on atmospheric CO2.)
Definition
CO2 is converted in photosynthesis to carbohydrates.
Term
The sum of all Earth's ecosystems is called the
Definition
biosphere.
Term
The number of species in a community is called
Definition
species index.
Term
A community is made up of
Definition
potentially interacting populations of different kinds of organisms.
Term
A country with an age structure diagram with a base smaller than most of the next higher levels is experiencing
Definition
negative population growth.
Term
The greatest annual input and least seasonal variation in solar radiation occurs in the
Definition
tropics.
Term
Which of the following is an ecological problem that can be caused by fertilizing a golf course with phosphorus-rich fertilizer?
Definition
Phosphorus runoff can cause heavy growth of algae and cyanobacteria in lakes and rivers.
Term
The greatest crisis ever faced by humans is probably
Definition
human population growth.
Term
Which of the following biomes is dominated by evergreen trees adapted to surviving long, harsh winters, and wet summers?
Definition
coniferous forests
Term
In a food chain consisting of phytoplnakton--->zooplankton--->fish--->fishermen, the fishermen are
Definition
tertiary consumers.
Term
The primary goal of conservation biology is to
Definition
counter the loss of biodiversity.
Term
Which of the following choices does NOT correctly pair a biome with some of its characteristics?
Definition
savanna-long, cold winters, vegetation dominated by conifers
Term
What is the age structure of a population?
Definition
The proportion of individuals in different age groups.
Term
In many dense forests, plants living near the ground level engage in intense competition for
Definition
sunlight.
Term
Assume that there are five alligators per acre in a swamp in northern Florida. This is a measure of the alligator population's
Definition
density.
Term
According to the competitive exclusion principle, two species cannot continue to occupy the same
Definition
ecological niche.
Term
The major factor in tropical deforestation is
Definition
people clearing forests to open agricultural lands.
Term
The prokaryotes that cause tooth decay have a __________ relationship with humans.
Definition
parasitic
Term
Fragmented populations
Definition
are likely to exhibit low levels of genetic diversity.
Term
Which of the following could NOT be a topic for a community-level study of a hydrothermal vent ecosystem?
Definition
Evolution of bacteria in response to changing vent composition.
Term
A newly mated queen ant establishes an ant nest in an unoccupied patch of suitable habitat. Assuming that no disasters strike the nest, which of the following types of equation is likely to best describe its population growth?
Definition
logistic
Term
Species found in only one place on Earth are called __________ species.
Definition
endemic
Term
The differentiation of niches that enables similar species to coexist in a community is called
Definition
resource partitioning.
Term
An ecologist hypothesizes that predation by a particular owl species is the major factor controlling the population of a particular rabbit species. A good preliminary step in testing this hypothesis would be to determine
Definition
whether the owls eat the rabbits.
Term
Sustainable development
Definition
will require global, multinational cooperation; will require making difficult decisions regarding the environment and lifestyle; will require many humans to change their value systems; must be achieved if the human species is to survive.
Term
The relationship between a cow and the cellulose digesting bacteria in the rumen of its gut would best be described as
Definition
mutualism.
Term
Which level of ecologic organization incorporates abiotic factors?
Definition
ecosystem
Term
We expect that a keystone species that is a predator will
Definition
maintain the species diversity in a community.
Term
In an average ecosystem, about how much energy is present in the organisms at a given trophic level compared to the organisms at the next higher trophic level?
Definition
ten times as much
Term
Which of the following is the factor that is fundamentally responsible for the character of arctic tundra soils?
Definition
permafrost
Term
The feeding relationships among the species of a community is the community's
Definition
trophic structure.
Term
Small areas that exhibit exceptionally high species diversity are referred to as
Definition
biodiversity hot spots.
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