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BIO 107: Exam 2
Mike Berger
35
Biology
Undergraduate 1
02/16/2015

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Term

Metabolic Pathways

Definition

Multi-step processes involving multiple enzymes

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Term
Catobolic Pathway
Definition
  • Break-down of complex molecules to simple molecules
  • Stored Energy Can be Used for work
Term
Anabolic Pathway
Definition
  • Assembly of complex molecules
  • Requires energy for work
Term
Energy
Definition
  • Cells use energy stored in organic molecules
  • Capacity to do work
Term
Two Laws of Thermodynamics
Definition
  • Energy can be transferred, but never created or destroyed
  • Every enery transfer increases the entropy of the universe. (Entropy is disorder).
Term
Free Energy
Definition
Proportion of a systems energy to peform work
Term
Higher G
Definition

More Free Energy

Less Stable

Greater Work Capacity

Term
Lower G
Definition

Less Free Energy

More Stable

Less Work Capacity

Term
Exergonic reaction
Definition

Free Energy is released

Often used by cells to drive an endergonic reaction

Term
Endergonic
Definition
Free Energy is absorbed
Term
ATP
Definition
  • Ribose, adnine, and 3 phosphate
  • Phosphate is negative charged
  • Bone b/t phosphate can be broken to form:
  • ADP+energy
Term
ATP+ Glutamic Acid
Definition
ATP+ Glutamic Acid> Phosphorlated+ ADP> Glutamine+ADP+P
Term
ADP regeneration
Definition

10 million molecules per second turnover

Endergonic reaction

Cellular Respiration provides energy

Term
Hydrolysis
Definition
Spontaneous exergonic reaction
Term
Enzymes
Definition

Catalysts

Change chemical rate w/o being consumed

Speed Things Up

Lower barrier of activation energy-energy required to start reaction

Can only speed up reaction that would occur spontaneously

Term
Mechanisms to lower activation energy
Definition

template for substances to come together

stretch or bend molecules

create micro-environment

temporary covalent bonding

Term
Facors Affecting Enzyme Activity
Definition
  1. Environmental Conditions
  2. Cofactors (non-protein: metal ions, vitamins)
  3. Inhibition (Competitive, noncompetitive)
Term
Inhibition
Definition

Molecules Bind to site on the enzyme

Often irreversible if covalent

Used to regulate Cell Metabolism

Term
Competitive Inhibition
Definition
Increased concentration of substrate to overcome inhibition
Term
Noncompetitive Inhibition
Definition
Bind to region other than active site
Term
Regulation of enzyme activity
Definition

Turn on/off synthesis of specific enzyme

Control the activity of synthesized enzymes

Allosteric regulation

Term
Allosteric Regulation
Definition
  • Activating/inhibiting molecules binds to a regulatory (allosteric) site
  • ATP hydrolysis
  • ATP inhibitor and ADP activator act as allosteric regulators
Term
Feedback inhibition
Definition
Metabolic Pathway siwtched off by End Product
Term
Cellular Respiration
Definition

Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide, water, and energy

Exergonic Reaction

Energy stored in Glucose is transferred to make ATP

40% efficient, 60% released as heat

Term
NAD+
Definition

Electron acceptor

Oxidizing agent during respiration

Term
Aerobic Respiration
Definition

Oxygen Required

High ATP yield

Term
Anaerobic Respiration
Definition

No Oxygen Required

Example: Fermentation

Low ATP yield

Term
3 Stages of Cellular Respiration
Definition

Glycolysis

Citric Acid Cycle

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Term
Glycolysis
Definition

Catalysis of glucose in the cytoplams

cost 2 ATP, produces 4 ATP and 2 NADH, net is 2

End product is pyruvate

Pyruvate transported to mitochondria

Term
Citric Acid Cycle
Definition
  • Occurs within Mitochondria
  1. Decarboxylation of Pyruvate, release of CO2
  2. Oxidation of pyruvate, reduct of NAD+ to NADH
  3. Coenzyme A attached by an unstable bond
Term
In the Citric Acid Cycle, Pyruvate is broke down into
Definition
  • 3 CO2
  • 1 ATP/turn
  • 4 NADH
  • 1 FADH2
  • End Product: Oxaloacetate forming citrate
Term
When glucose is oxidized, which molecules transports electrons?
Definition
NADH
Term
Oxidative phosphorylation
Definition
  • Electron transport train
  • Inner membrane (mitocondria)
  • Series of 4 multiprotein complexes
  • Prosthetic groups bound to multiprotein
  • Electron carriers alternate b/t reduced and oxidized
Term
Chemiosmosis
Definition
  • Use H+ gradient
  • Drives ADP phosphorylation via ATP synthase
  • Transfer electrons from NADH & FADH
  • pump H+ across membrane
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