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Bio 105 Exam 2
Biology: DNA History, DNA Replication, & Gene Transcription
34
Biology
Undergraduate 1
10/07/2016

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Cards

Term
How did Watson and Crick determine the structure of DNA?
Definition
They built upon the work of others
Term
What did Friederich Miescher do?
Definition
He created DNA, called it nuclein, and he thought it resided in chromosomes.
Term
What experiment did Frank Griffith do?
Definition

He injected mice with two strains of pneumonia bacteria.

He deisocvered that there needs to be somethign in the 

S-Strain to make it pathogenic.

Term
Who continued Griffith's work and why/how?
Definition

Oswald Avery continued Griffith's work because he wanted to know what "agent" transformed the harmless strain into one that caused pneumonia.

He used rats, like Griffith.

Term
What did Joachim Hammerling do/discover?
Definition

He worked with uni-cellular algae (cap,stalk, and foot(nucleous))

He discovered that when you cut off a cap, it regenerated the lost cap. If you cut off the foot, or nucleous, that it couldn't grow back. 

This meant that DNA in bacteria was in the foot of the bacteria. 

Term
What was the Hersehy-Chase experiment? What were they trying to figure out?
Definition

They wanted to test if DNA or protein was the genetic material so they used bacteriophage in the test. They injected pages with radiactive material (easier to detect).

They discovered that DNA is the genetic material.

Term
What is phage?
Definition
They inect genetic instructions into cells to reproduce themselves.
Term
What is Chargaff's rule?
Definition
ex. A=T and C=G
Term
What did Rosalind Franklin do?
Definition

She passed x-ray thru a crystal of DNA and indicated that DNA has a helical structure (Double Helix).

-Pic was saw by Watson & Crick and didn't give her credit.

Term
What did Watson and Crick do?
Definition
They made the model of DNA and discovered that it had a double helix sturcuture.
Term
How is DNA replicated?
Definition
Semiconservative: New and old strand stay together.
Term
What did Meselson and Stahl do & How did they do it?
Definition
They wanted to know how DNA is replicated (conservative, dispersive, semiconservative) so they did tests using bacteria cells and found out that DNA is semiconservative meaning that new and old DNA strands stay together.
Term
What does DNA polymerase need to begin replicating?
Definition
A primer which is a short sequence of RNA created by primase.
Term

Because of the antiparallel nature of DNA, one strand is...

and one strand is...

Definition

-Synthesized continuously (leading strand)

-made in short stands called Okazaki fragments (lagging strand)

Term
How does DNA polymerase know the order for the nucleotides?
Definition
Because of Chargaff's rule: A=T and C=G
Term
What is transcription?
Definition

The process of reading and then copying the DNA into RNA

-The sequence of bases in DNA determines the sequence of bases in RNA

-RNA polymerase and transcription factors involved.

Term
How is transcription started?
Definition

By a promoter: a sequence of DNA where RNA polymerase and transcription facts bind (TATTA box)

-Transcription factors recognize sequence of a promoter and bind to it which allows RNA polymerase to bind.

Term
What are the three types of RNA polymerase?
Definition

1. Pol 1:rRNA

2. Pol 2:mRNA

3. Pol 3:tRNA

Term
What is the significance of transcription termination?
Definition

RNA polymerase comes to a sequence of DNA

-Terminator sequence is transcribed

-RNA polymerase falls off

-RNA peels away from DNA

-RNA then can be processed

Term
What is the significance of RNA processing?
Definition

While in the nucleus, mRNA is modified/rpocessed

-Poly A tail is added to the 3' end

-Poly A tain=50-250 adenines added transcriptionally

-inhibits RNA degradation

-Not all messages get one.

Term
What is RNA splicing?
Definition

-Before mRNA leaves nucleus, introns are removed and exons are spliced together.

-Some genes are split (have introns and exons)

-Introns=intervening sequences, between coding regions

-Exons=coding regions

-Not all eukaryotic genes have introns

-Which exons you spice together will give you different version of the fibronectin protein

 

Term
Where does translation occur?
Definition
In the cytoplasm. Processed mRNA is then transported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
Term
What is needed for translation?
Definition

-mRNA

-tRNA

-pool of amino acids

-ribosome

Term
What is an anti-codon?
Definition

Opposite base to codon.

ex. if codon is AAA then tRNA anti-codon will be UUU.

Term

Which of the following is required for replication?

A. Ribosomes

B. Primase

C. RNA polymerase

D. tRNA

Definition
B,Ribosomes.
Term

During replication of DNA...

A. both strands act as templates to build the new strand of DNA

B. RNA polymerase strings together DNA to form the new strand

C. Borh strands are synthesized continously

D. All of the above are true of replication

Definition
A. Both strands act as templates to build the new strand of DNA
Term
The function of an aminoacyl tRNA synthetase is to link...
Definition
an amino acid to a tRNA
Term
An anticodon is part of___. A codon is part of____.
Definition
tRNA, mRNA
Term
How many codons does it take to code for one amino acid?
Definition
UNO
Term
How does RNA polymerase know where to start transcribing a gene into mRNA?
Definition
It starts at a certain nucleotide sequence called a promoter.
Term
what causes the release of a completed protein during translation?
Definition
The stop codon.
Term
What is the purpose
Definition
Term
What is the process that directly results in the synthesis of proteins?
Definition
Translation.
Term
A mRNA that is not capable of being translated most likely is lacking...
Definition
a 5' cap
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