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Bio 105 Exam 1
Sciences Process, Nature of Science, Macromolecules
58
Biology
Undergraduate 1
09/19/2016

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Term

What is science?

A. A body of knowledge about the natural world.

B. A process used to understand the natural world.

C. Collection of techniques, methods or processes used to answer questions about the natural world.

D. A collection of facts.

E. All of the above.

Definition

E. All of the above. 

Science is a body of knowledge. 

Term
What is observational science? What are some examples?
Definition
Use of technology and tools to study what we can observe. Ex. Anatomoy, Behavior, Epidemiology
Term
What is hypothesis driven science?
Definition
It uses the scientific method, Formulates hypotheses, and drives most of science (is experimentation centered).
Term
Can science answer all questions?
Definition
Hell nah. Only certain things that science can test.
Term

Which of the following questions is legitimate for science to answer?

a. Is there a God?

b. Does the alignment of the planets affect our lives?

c. Do vaccines cause autism?

d. Are orchids beautiful?

e. None are ligitmate scientific questions.

 

Definition
c. is the only one because although b seems right, it is not. It would be too difficult to determine if planets allignment affected our lives.
Term
A scientific question must be.. (3 things)
Definition

1. Definable

2. Measurable

3. Controllable 

Term
Scientific explanations are.. (4 things)
Definition

1. Based on empirical observations and evidence (data)

2. Made public.

3. Tentative (science is self-correcting, so it is true as far as we know).

4. Historical.

Term
What is pseudoscience?
Definition

Something that claims to be sceintific but doesn't use empirical evidence and experimentation to answer questions.

 

Term
What is a fact? What is one example?
Definition

An objective or verifiable observation (It happens repeatedly).

ex. The Earth completes one revolution around the sun in  365 days.

Term
What is a Law?
Definition
General explanation on how something in teh physical world works.
Term
What is a hypothesis?
Definition

-Suggested and or purposed answer to a question. An educated guess.

-It can be proven false, but not proven true (can only support it with evidence from your investigaion).

-If, then statment. (Should be testable)

Term
What is a theory & give one example.
Definition

A gneral explanation for some aspect of nature that is supported by multiple lines of evidence, has withstood the test of time, and that is gnerally accepted by the scientific community. 

ex. Evolution

Term
What some elements of an experiment?
Definition

-Dependent variable

-Independent variable

-Controlled variables

-Control group(postive control & negative result)

-Replication

-Reproducibility 

 

 

Term
What is a positive control?
Definition
Groups where teh control group is expected to have a positive result. It shows what a positive result should be.
Term
What is a negative result?
Definition
Groups where the control group is expected to have a negative result. Shows what a negative result would be.
Term

What are the basic macromolecules of life?

a. Proteins, DNA, and RNA

b.Proteins, Carbohydrates, Fats, and Nucleic Acids

c. Carbohydrates, Fats, DNA & RNA

d. Fats, Proteins, Carbohydrates

Definition
b. is correct: proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and nucleic acids are the basic macromolecules of life.
Term

What is a simple carbohydrate?

Give 2 examples.

Definition

Sugars.

a. Monosaccharides; one sugar molecule

b. Disaccharides; two ring sturcutre.

Term
What the the complex carbs (polysaccharides)?
Definition
Startch, Glycogen, Chitin, Cellulose.
Term
What are the function of carbs?(Give three)
Definition

-Source of energy for the organisms.

-Storage of energy (ex. startch=plants, Glycogen= animals)

-Parts of the basic subunit forming nucleic acids

-Provide structural material for cells 

-Involved in cell to cell recognition

Term
Describe Startch.
Definition

-Polysaccharide (sugar monomers).

-Carbohydrate

-It is how plants store carbs (ex. potato).

-It is made up of a long string of glucose monomers.

-The string coils like a spiral stair case.

 

Term
Describe glycogen.
Definition

-Polysaccharide

-Carbohydrate

-Primary way animals store carbs.

-Stored mainly in muscle & liver

-Made up of long strings of glucose.

Term
Describe Chitin.
Definition

-Polysaaccaride 

-Carbohydrate

-Found in exoskeletons (bugs) and cell walls of fungi

-Long strings of glucose with nitrogen containing groups attached to each glucose monomer

-Gives shape & strength

Term

Describe Cellulose.

 

Definition

-Polysaccaride

-Carbohydarte

-Found in plant cell walls (ex. Lettuce)

-Consists of long strings of glucose that form bundles.

-Few organisms have the enzymes necessary to

breakdown this molecule (ex. Cows).

-Herbivores rely on bacteria to breakdown cellulose.

 

Term
What is the structure of a fat?
Definition
Fat= glycerol + fatty acid side chain
Term
Describe saturated fat.
Definition

-Lipid 

-All C-C bonds in fatty acid side chain are single bonds

-Tends to be solid at room temp.

-Harder to metabolize

Term
Describe unsaturated fat.
Definition

-Lipid

-One or more double bonds (C=C) occur in fatty acid side chain

-Tends to be liquid at room temp (ex. coconut oil)

-Easier to metabolize

 

Term
What are the functions of fats?
Definition

-Store energy

-Provides energy when broken down

-In some animals (ex. sea lions) it serves as insulation(flubber)

Term
Describe a phospholipid.
Definition

-Lipid

Glycerol + 2 fatty acid chains + phosphate group

-Main componet of cell membrane

-Hydrophilic (water loving) head

-Hydrophobic (water hating) tail

 

Term
Describe Steroids.
Definition

-Lipid

-Lipids without fatty acid chains

-All have same rigid backbone of 4 fused carbon rings

-Functional group dertmines type of steroid

-Different types (cholesterol, sex hormones, and growth hormones).

Term
What is the basic structure of protein?
Definition

-Long strings of amino acids.

-The structure of a protein determines its function.

Term
What is the primary structure of proteins?
Definition

-Sequence of amino acids determines function

-There are 20 different amino acids to choose from.

Term
What is secondary structure of a protein?
Definition

Alpha helix (the string coils (3D))

-Beta pleated sheets

Term
What is the teritary structure of a protein?
Definition
When the coil folds back upon itself to form a more compact shape (ribbon starts to fold into itself).
Term
When does a quaternary structure start?
Definition
When 2 or more protein chains bond together.
Term
What is a polypeptide?
Definition

-Proteins are also called this.

-The bond that forms between two amino acids is called a peptide bond.

Term
What happens if a protein denatures & why do we care?
Definition

It loses its 3-D strucutre & because shape determines function.

-Heat denatures proteins, PH can change shape.

Term
What are three things that proteins do?
Definition

-Provide structure to the cell

-Act as enzymes (quicken chem. reactions)

-Defense against pathogens (antibodies)

-Self recognition

-Transport

-Hormones

-Storage of nutrients

-Blood clotting

Term
What is the structure of a nucleic acid?
Definition

Consists of three parts:

-sugar

-phosphate

-nitrogen containing base

 

Term
What are the two types of nucleic acids?
Definition
-DNA and RNA
Term

What is the structure of DNA?

 

Definition

-Long strings of nucleic acids

-Sugar, phosphate, nitrogen containing base.

-Double helix (connect at base)

(A=T, C=G)

Term
What is the structure of RNA?
Definition

-Long strings of nucleotides

-Sugar, phosphate, nitrogen containing base.

-A=U, C=G

Term
What is the function of DNA?
Definition

-To provide info for the structure of proteins (order of amino acids)

-Organize into funtional units called genes(long sequences to make products)

Term
What is the function of RNA?
Definition

-Invoved in teh process of converting info stored in DNA to a protein.

Three types:

a. Messenger RNA

b. Ribosomal RNA

c. Transfer RNA

Term
How do you get a protein from a gene? (3 steps)
Definition

1. DNA is transcribed into mRNA

2. mRNA goes to ribosome

3. Ribosome uses info in mRNA to string amino acids together to form a protein.

Term

Where are the master instructions for protein synthesis located in a cell?

a. cytoplasm

b. nucleus

c. mitochondria

Definition
b. Nucleus
Term
What is the significance of complementary base pairing?
Definition
It is easily replicated (A=T, C=G).
Term
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCE?
Definition
BASIC SCIENCES PURPOSE IS TO EXPAND THE KNOWLDEGE BASE WHILE APPLIED SCIENCE'S PURPOSE IS TO SOLVE A SPECIFIC PROBLEM.
Term
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SCIENTIFIC THEORY AND SCIENTIFIC FACT?
Definition

SCIENTIFIC THEORY= BASED ON DATA FROM EXPERIMENTS, ACCEPTED BY MOST SCIENTISTS, SUPPORTED BY MULTIPLE LINES OF EVIDENCE, WITHSTANDS TEST OF TIME.

SCIENTIFIC FACT= A REPEATEDLY CONFIRMED OBSERVATION.

Term
[image]
Definition
Nucleotide
Term
[image]
Definition
Amino Acid
Term
[image]
Definition
Disaccharide
Term
[image]
Definition
Polysaccharide
Term
[image]
Definition
Monosaccharide
Term
[image]
Definition
DNA
Term
[image]
Definition
RNA
Term
[image]
Definition
LIPID
Term
[image]
Definition
STEROID
Term
what part of a nucleotide always determines whether the nucleotide is found in DNA verses RNA?
Definition
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