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Bio 105
Bio 105 Summer course at MCC
159
Biology
Undergraduate 1
06/08/2012

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Term
Experiment
Definition
controlled manipulation of nature
Term
Fact
Definition
direct and repeatable observation. Theories based on accumulated facts.
Term
Cell
Definition
smallest and most basic unit of life
Term
DNA
Definition
genetic material that transfers info from parents to offspring. Blueprint for building an organism
Term
Development
Definition
organisms build selves anew every generation
Term
Species
Definition
all organisms that can breed together and produce fertile offspring
Term
Population
Definition
group of organisms within a species that live and interact with one another
Term
Adaptation
Definition
features that are advantageous to survive/reproduce
Term
Tissues
Definition
specialized, coordinated collections of cells that perform particular functions in the body such as muscles, nerves, organs
Term
Organ systems
Definition
Groups of organs work together
Term
Individual
Definition
groups of organ systems work together so individual can survive
Term
Population
Definition
group of organisms of the same species and interacting in the same area
Term
Community
Definition
populations of different species that live and interact with one another in a particular area
Term
Ecosystems
Definition
communities along with their physical environments
Term
Biomes
Definition
large regions of the world that are defined on land by the plants, and it water by the physical characteristics of the environment
Term
Biosphere
Definition
all biomes together making up the world's life
Term
Producers
Definition
plants that transform sun's energy into chemical energy (sugars)
Term
Consumers
Definition
Eat producers or other organisms who ultimately derive energy from producers
Term
Decomposers
Definition
Derive sustenence from dead organisms or cast-off parts of living organisms
Term
Atom
Definition
smallest unit of an element that still has the chemical properties of that element. Three atomic components
Term
Nucleus
Definition
positively charged, contains one or more protons. Electrons move in space around nucleus.
Term
Atomic number
Definition
number of protons in an atom's nucleus
Term
atomic mass number
Definition
sum of protons and neutrons
Written subscript of mass number then element symbol, i.e. ^12 C
Term
Isotopes
Definition
same element but with a different number of neutrons in nucleus
Term
Radioisotopes
Definition
isotopes that have an unstable nucleus that decays into a simpler form, giving off radiation in the process.
Term
Chemical bond
Definition
attractive interaction that causes two atoms to associate
Term
ion
Definition
atoms that become charged due to loss or gain of electrons
Term
ionic bond
Definition
chemical attraction between negatve and positive charged atoms
Term
Covalent bond
Definition
exceptionally strong bond achieved through electron sharing
Term
Chemical compound
Definition
contains atoms frm two or more different elements each in a precise ratio
Term
Shell
Definition
area in which electrons move. Each layer of electron movement is a seperate shell.
Term
Hydrogen bonds
Definition
20x weaker than covalent
Common example - bonds in water
Term
Soluble
Definition
when water forms hydrogen bonds with another type of molecule, causing that other molecule to dissolve
Term
solution
Definition
combination of a solute and a solvent
Term
solute
Definition
dissolved substance
Term
solvent
Definition
fluid into which a substance dissolves
Term
nonpolar molecules
Definition
- molecules that are not charged; will not associate with polar molecules (i.e water, polar; and oil, nonpolar)
Term
Chemical reactions
Definition
breaking existing bonds, creating new bonds/substances
Term
acid
Definition
polar compound that dissolves in water and loses one or more hydrogen ions. Tend to bond with water molecules, forming +charged hydronium ions (h2o+)
Term
Base
Definition
polar compounds which accept ions from surroundings. Accept one H+, leave an OH-
Term
pH
Definition
tells whether water is basic or acid, aka concentration of H+ in water
Term
Buffers
Definition
maintain concentration of hydrogen ions within narrow limits by releasing hydrogen ions when the srroundings become to basic, accepting when srroundings become too acidic
Term
4 major classes of molecules for organisms
Definition
carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins
Term
Organic molecules
Definition
contain at least one carbon-hydrogen bond
Term
Macromolecules
Definition
when small organic molecules link up via covalent bonds to create larger assemblies of atoms (e.g. starch and protein)
Term
Monomers
Definition
small molecules that serve as repeating units in a macromulecules (blocks of some macromolecules)
Term
Polymers
Definition
macromolecules made up of certain monomers
Term
Functional groups
Definition
cluster of covalently bonded atoms that have the same specific chemical properties no matter what molecule they are found in. Properties of organic polymers depend on these within them for their properties.
Term
Sugars
Definition
means of storing energy; compounds that make food sweet
Term
carbohydrates
Definition
For each carbon there are 2 hydrogens and 1 oxygen
Term
Monosaccharides
Definition
CHO in 1:2:1, with multiples of these 1:2:1's. Glucose - (C1H2O1)6 or (C6H12O1)
Term
Disaccharides
Definition
two molecules of monosaccharides that have bonded
Term
Polysaccharides
Definition
multiple molecules of monosaccharides that have bonded
Term
Cellulose
Definition
polysaccharide bundled into strong parallel fibers which help support plant body
Term
nucleotides
Definition
monomers in all organisms which are the building blocks of DNA
Term
Three components of nucleotides
Definition
nitrogenous base, covalently bonded to a
five-carbon sugar, which is in turn bonded to a
phosphate group - phosphate atom and 4 oxygen atoms
Term
phosphate group
Definition
phosphate atom and 4 oxygen atoms
Term
Nucleic acids
Definition
components are comprised of five different nucleotides
Term
ATP
Definition
a very universal nucleotide that serves as an energy carrier
Term
Amino Acids
Definition
monomers that build protiens
Term
R group
Definition
20 different; each unique to one amino acid (vary in size, acidic/baic, whether are hydrophilic or -phobic)
Term
Polypeptide
Definition
Linear chains of amino acids are linked covalently
Term
Peptide bond
Definition
amino group of one amino acid bonds to carboxyl group of another
Term
Primary structure
Definition
sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide
Term
Secondary structure
Definition
regional folding of amino acid chain into specific patterns
Term
Alpha helix
Definition
spiral pattern which the spirals are created/maintained by hydrogen bonds
Term
beta sheet
Definition
polypeptide backbone bent into ridges and valleys, like a fan
Term
tertiary structure
Definition
overall 3d shape of long-distance interactions between different segments of the polypeptide chain
Term
Quaternary structure
Definition
some proteins need this - seperate polypeptides which have already reached primary, secondary, and tertiary organize in a precise 3d shape
Term
Lipids
Definition
hydrophobic molecules made by living cells and are build from chains and rings of hydrocarbons
Term
Fatty acids
Definition
long hydrocarbon chain that is strongly hydrophobic
Term
Saturated
Definition
each carbon is bonded to a maximum number of hydrogen atoms linked by single bonds
Term
Unsaturated
Definition
linked with double bonds, so that a maximum number of hydrogens are NOT bonded
Term
glyceride
Definition
contains one to three fatty acids covalently bonded into a three carbon molecule called glycerol.
Term
Sterols
Definition
four hydrocarbon rings fused to each other; lipid
Term
Cholesterol
Definition
component in animal cell membranes; strengthens membranes, helps maintain fluidity in temp changes. Livers contain all the cholesterol we need.
Term
Hormones
Definition
signaling molecules active at very low levels, control a variety of processes
Term
Selectively permeable membrane
Definition
controls which materials enter and exit
Term
Concentration gradient
Definition
move from area of abundance to area of scarcity without energy
Term
Passive transport
Definition
moving from high to low concentration
Term
Active transport
Definition
moving from low to high concentration
Term
Diffusion
Definition
passive spreading until even distribution is reached
Term
Channel proteins
Definition
enable ions of the right size and charge to move through plasma membrane as long as they are moving down a conentration gradient
Term
passive carrier proteins
Definition
move substances from high to low concentration, and function like a door. Recognizes, binds, and transports a specific molecule.
Term
GLUT proteins
Definition
special glucose carriers
Term
Active carrier proteins
Definition
move molecules across plasma membrane with the aid of an energy rich molecule (e.g. ATP)
Term
Sodium potassium pump
Definition
High to low for sodium, low to high for potassium
Term
Osmosis
Definition
net diffusion of water across a membrane. Selectively permeable
Term
Hypotonic/hypertonic
Definition
more/less watery than the cytosol of the cell, so more water flows into the cell. Unchecked may cause the cell to burst.
Term
Isotonic
Definition
solute concentration is the same in and out of cell.
Term
Osmoregulation
Definition
maintenences of an appropriate amount of salt and water inside a cell
Term
Exocytosis
Definition
cells release substances into their surroundings by fusing membrane-enclosed vesicles with plamsa membrane.
Term
Endocytosis
Definition
membrane encloses desired molecule, breaks free and enters cell
Term
Pinocytosis
Definition
endocytosis for intake of fluids
Term
Receptors
Definition
specialized proteins that interact with specific substances from outside the cell
Term
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Definition
specialized receptor proteins embedded in the plasma membrane determine what substances will be selected for incorporation into vesicles.
Term
Phagocytosis
Definition
"cell eating", ingestion of entire bacterium or virus.
Occurs in specialized cells such as white blood cells
Term
Cell junctions
Definition
Structures that anchor cells or hold them together or interconnect them
Term
Extracellular matrix
Definition
viscous coating secreted by animal cells that helps anchor or bind them to neighbors
Term
Anchoring junctions
Definition
protein hooks between cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix. Allow materials to pass between cells while still holding them togheter
Term
tight junctions
Definition
held together so tightly that they block the migration of membrane protens. Leak-proof, prevent things from passing.
Term
gap junction
Definition
direct cytoplasmatic connections between cells. Protein-lined tunnels span space seperating cells. Transmit messages extremely quickly electrically. Brain cells use this.
Term
Plasmodesmata
Definition
plant cells are connected through tunnels similar to gap junction.
Term
Signaling molecules
Definition
release and transmission of these = basis of cellular communication
Term
Target cell
Definition
recieves signaling molecule through use of receptor proteins
Term
Hormones
Definition
long-range signaling molecules. Long lasting, slower acting than neurotransmitters
Term
Plasma membrane
Definition
lipid based outer boundary, studded with proteins that act as gatekeepers, encloses cell
Term
cytosol
Definition
water-based fluid of ions and molecules mixed in water
Term
organelles
Definition
"small organs", part of the machinery of the cell
Term
Ribosomes
Definition
organelles which are important in manufacturing proteins
Term
nucleus
Definition
contains DNA in eukaryotes
Term
Fluid mosaic model
Definition
Generally free to drift within phospholipid layer - highly mobile layer
Term
prokaryotes
Definition
DNA is not confined within a membrane-enclosed nucleus
Term
Eukaryotes
Definition
have a nucleus and an elaborate system of other membrane-enclosed compa]rtments
Term
Endoplasmic reticulum
Definition
network of tubes and sacs, transports within cell
Term
lumen
Definition
term for any closed structure within a cell or within the body
Term
smooth ER
Definition
manufacture various lipids destined for other cellular compartments
Term
rough ER
Definition
ER with ribosomes attached; manufactured proteins destined for cellular compartments
Term
vesicles
Definition
small membrane-enclosed sacs with functions ranging from storage to disassembly of macromolecules.
Term
transport vesicles
Definition
move substances from one location to another within cytoplasm as well as to and from cell walls. Bud off from a membrane such as ER membrane. Carry things manufactured by ER membrane.
Term
Golgi apparatus
Definition
directs proteins produced by ER to their destinations. Give things chemical "address tags"
Term
Lysosomes
Definition
Filled with enzymes which degrade macromolecules
Term
vacuoles
Definition
perform similar functions in plants, as well as storing ions, sugar,s and compounds that might deter an animal from eating them
Term
Mitochondria
Definition
source of energy to run the cell
Term
Cristae
Definition
Inner membrane of mitochondria folds into this
Term
Cellular respiration
Definition
Mitochondria transform food into ATP, which is then used to power chemical reactions in cell. Requires oxygen as raw materials (derived from food). CO2 and H20 released as by-products.
Term
Chloroplast
Definition
capture energy from sunlight and convert to chemical energy
Term
photosynthesis
Definition
Trap light in form of ATP, use this to assemble sugar molecules from CO2 and H20.
Term
Granum
Definition
"stack" of membrane system enclosing chloroplasts
Term
thylakoid
Definition
each fold of a granum, which has light-absorbing pigments within it
Term
Cytoskeleton
Definition
network of protein filaments and tubules which supports teh plasma membrane, organelles, creates tracks for transport. More flexible than an animal skeleton.
Term
Microtubules
Definition
rigid, hollow cylinders of proteins that help position organelles, move trasnport, generate propulsive force
Term
Tubulin
Definition
helical polymer which comrpises a microtubule.
Term
Motor proteins
Definition
attach to vesicle and associate with microtubules to help with travel
Term
Intermediate filaments
Definition
ropelike cables of protein as mechanical reinforcement for the cell
Term
Microfilaments
Definition
thinnest and most flexible - strands of protein called actin; involved in creating cell shape, generating some cells' crawling movements
Term
Actin
Definition
protein that comprimses microtubules
Term
pseudopodium
Definition
cell creeps along a surface by contracting then expanding. Allow some cells to find food, mating partners
Term
Cilia
Definition
Hairlike projections which can move back and forth like oars for propulsion/movement
Term
Flagella
Definition
whiplike structures which a cell can use to propel itself through a liquid
Term
Eukaryotic flagella
Definition
lashed in a whiplike pattern
Term
Bacterial flagella
Definition
lack a membrane covering, spin in a rotary motion like propellers. Thought to be evolved seperately from Eukaryotic flagella.
Term
Catabolic
Definition
break down large molecules, release energy
Term
Anabolic
Definition
build up large molecules from smaller components/consume energy
Term
metabolism
Definition
chemical reactions that occur within cells.
Term
Interphase
Definition
Cell spends most time here; prepares for cell division.
Term
Mitosis
Definition
- chromosomes are seperated into two identical sets for division.
Term
Cytokinesis
Definition
Divides nuclei, cytoplasm, organelles, ect. into two seperate cells.
Term
Base pairing rule
Definition
in DNA, A goes with T, and G goes with C.
Term
Autosome
Definition
Chromosome pair that is no the sex chromosomes X or Y
Term
Sex chromosome
Definition
X or Y chromosome.
Term
karyotype
Definition
shows the number and appearance of an individual's chromosomes.
Term
Gene
Definition
Unit of heredity. Sequence of nucleotides in a chromosome.
Term
Allele
Definition
Different variations of a gene.
Term
homozygous/heterozygoes
Definition
Having two of the same/two different allele
Term
genotype
Definition
Molecular makeup of a gene
Term
Phenotype
Definition
expression of a gene
Term
Dominant
Definition
Gene will express itself regardless of whether its corresponding allele matches
Term
Recessive
Definition
Gene will express itself only if corresponding allele is the same
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