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Bio 102 Flash cards
genes
108
Biology
Undergraduate 2
03/16/2010

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Cards

Term
Species
Definition
Individuals that can successfully interbreed
Term
Coral snake Vs. Milk Snake
Definition

Coral snake very poisonous

Milk snake not as poisonous

 

Term
Mutant Milk Snake
Definition
Bred for pets with colors of milk snake. Even though they are phenotypically different, they can be the same species.
Term
Reproductive Isolation
Definition
Necessary for speciation
Term
Habitat Isolation
Definition
Individuals (frogs) get separated by there location
Term
Temporal Isolation
Definition
Species living in the same place but mating timing is off
Term
Mechanical Isolation
Definition
Reproductive parts don't fit, sperm and egg won't fertilize
Term

Mule Hybrid

 

2N=

Definition

63

 

and sterile

Term
Allopatric
Definition
New species forms in a different location
Term
Sympatric
Definition
New species forms in the same location of original
Term
Allopatric example?
Definition
Kaibab Squirrel (north rim) and Abert Squirrel (south rim) cannot mate
Term
Sympatric Example
Definition
Apples and Hawthorns (same orchards where flies attacked)
Term
Polyploidy
Definition
Extra chromosomes can lead to speciation
Term
Progression
Definition
Pattern of speciation, horseshoe crab where one specie becomes aother
Term
Adaptive Radiation
Definition
One species become many
Term
Galapagos Finches
Definition
Medium ground finch, searchers arrived in 1977 after drought, there were only 90 survivors of the 751. Survivors had better beaks for larger seeds.
Term
Catastrophe
Definition
A dramatic change (an example is the asteroid with the dinosaurs, Tsunamis, Volcanoes)
Term
Climate Change
Definition
A slower change that impacts species
Term
Everbearing Strawberries (Wild Genes)
Definition
Altered to produce fruit spring through fall, they used to never produce longer than a few weeks. Researchers bred old strawbs with wild straws which made them everbearing
Term
Periwinkle
Definition
Has extract that can kill cancer cells in the bone marrow
Term
Bornea Tree
Definition
HIV cure. Researchers tested extract from bark, found resistance to HIV. Lost the tree, searched for another and found in the zoo.
Term
Earths total species
Definition
20 Million Species
Term
Current extinction rate
Definition
10 thousand species/ year
Term
Primary cause of extinctions
Definition
Habitat loss
Term

Introduced species Vs Endemic (native Species)

 

Rufous hare wallaby

Definition
400 left, humans brought dogs cats and foxes (predators), sheep also ate their food
Term
Amur Leopard
Definition

Less than 40 left

 

Unregulated hunting and collecting

Term
Sharks
Definition
Possibly being over decimated
Term
Birds/ Fish
Definition
Unregulated collecting for pet trade
Term
Black Footed Ferret
Definition

Hunt prairie dogs, homes were disrupting soil so humans shot them

 

re bred and are being re introduced to the wild

Term
DDT
Definition

Insecticide to get rid of mosquitos

 

Sprayed into aquatic places and affected other species

 

bird eggs got so soft that they squished them when they sat on them, when DDT stopped bald eagles got to over 100,000 in count.

Term
Endanger species act
Definition
If species become listed, habitats become a priority
Term
Piping Plover
Definition
Enlisted in endangered specie act, lays eggs directly on sand, about 2600 pairs left
Term
Monitoring
Definition

The florida panther

 

Is collared and can't be bred in captivity

 

mostly hit by cars

Term
Education
Definition
Federal Government funds schooling to raise awareness on endangered species
Term
Breeding Programs
Definition
Whooping crane, dropped to 50 now at 500
Term
Hominin
Definition

Human like species

 

~5.5 MYA

Term
Bipedal
Definition
Walking upright on two feet
Term
Homo Ergaster
Definition
Existed 1.5 years ago (fossilized skeleton)
Term

Hominin Evolution

 

5 MYA

Definition

Walking upright -> Ardipicicus

 

Small, 3.5-4 feet

 

Kanine Teeth

Term

Hominin Evolution

 

4 Mya

Definition
Changes in Climate
Term
2.3 Mya
Definition
Stone tools were found in Africa
Term

Hominin Evolution

 

1.5 MYA

Definition
Large hand axes, shelters
Term

Hominin evolution

 

500 TYA

Definition
Better tools, social cooperation, larger groups of individuals going together
Term

Hominin evolution

 

30 TYA

Definition

Evidence of the modern mind

 

Neanderthals basically gone

 

Paintings, jewelry and burials

 

Term
Homo Floriensis
Definition

As recent as 12 TYA

 

Species was tiny, 3 feet in height

 

physical features similar to homo erectus

Term
Sociobiology
Definition
Explaining behaviors in an evolutionary context
Term
"Baby Talk"
Definition
Used to control infants and the root of language
Term
Parasite
Definition
a species that harms another species
Term

Worms

 

(parasite)

Definition
Steal nutrients, can migrate
Term
Fungi
Definition
Yeast or Filamentous
Term
Protists
Definition
Small but complex
Term
Bacteria
Definition
Produces toxins to harm cells
Term
Viruses
Definition
Take over hosts cells
Term
How serious are parasites?
Definition
Cause 1/3 of human deaths
Term
Reported causes of Human Deaths
Definition

-Respiratory infections

-HIV/AIDS

-Diarrheal Diseases

-Tuberculosis

-Malaria

Term

Mutations that benfit host

 

Rhinovirus

Definition
People with excess protein can confuse this virus
Term
HIV
Definition

Small number of people exposed to this virus don't get aids

 

-Humans with two CCR5 alleles resist HIV

Term
Cholera Bacteria
Definition

Fecal matter in water causes this

 

-Cystic fibrosis allele carriers  (Heterzygotes) lose less fluid

Term
Plasmodium- Malaria Protist
Definition

People with increased nitric oxide in blood reduces parasite

 

sickle cell allele carriers may resist parasite

Term
Ascaris- Intestinal Roundworm
Definition

Human defense: digestive enzymes kill worm

 

Parasite Change: Fewer deadly migrators

 

HUMANS AND PARASITES CO EVOLVING!

Term
Relative Fitness
Definition
An individuals chance of leaving offspring compared to other individuals
Term
Behaviors
Definition
impact fitness, what animal does while interacting with environment
Term
Black Cap Warblers
Definition

Use INNATE behavior to migrate

 

Learned behavior is where to migrate (different places in africa)

Term
Stickleback Fish
Definition

males develop red bellys

-collect algae and create a hut

-dance for female fish

 

Innate= males attack anything with red belly

Learned= Creating algae hut

Term
Reflex
Definition
An automatic response to a specific stimulus
Term
Modal Action Pattern
Definition

A series of fixed reflex responses

 

ex. Gulls feeding babies by regurgitating food

 

Yawning is a modal action pattern

Term
Drive
Definition
Internal Stimulus is promoting behavior
Term
Imprinting
Definition
Learning during sensitive period of time
Term
Habituation
Definition

Learning to ignore certain stimuli

 

Ex. Chicks crouch when hawk shadow flies over, ignore when goose

Term
Associative learning
Definition

Relating one stimulus to another

 

ex. bell gets dog to salivate for food

 

ex. toad feed bees/ pleasent food

Term
Latent Learning
Definition
Learning while focused on other activities
Term
Insight
Definition
Using prior knowledge in a new situation
Term
Factors that impact fitness
Definition

1. Territory

2.Males

3.Food

Term
Dominance Heirarchies
Definition

Reduce conflict

 

Ex. Bullhead catfish fights off intruders from his family

Term
Sexual selection
Definition

Can be simple or elaborate

 

ex. Garter snakes: hide in caves during winter and mate in thousands

 

ex. Dance flies: wrap prey in silk ball and offer to female. Some cheat and wrap up balls of air, mate with female and leave her

Term
Optimizing food resources
Definition

animals attempt

 

Example: Packrats live in harsh environments so they chew on anything. Poop out carmel looking balls and humans ate them

Term
Behaviors that minimize disease
Definition

Bathing and Cleaning

 

ex. Birds use certain types of leaves in nests to lesson amount of mites (carrot leaves vs dead leaves)

Term
Potential prey defense behaviors
Definition

1st reflex: Flight/Flee

2nd reflex: freeze/hide

3rd reflex: fight

 

ex. Ground squirrel can kill snake if it feels threatened by banging its head

Term
social behaviors impact fitness
Definition

Ex. Meadow Vole

-Many mates, very promiscious

-Distant relative is Praire vole (monogamous)

-praire voles have active suppresor gene same as humans for monogamy

Term
parental care
Definition

Increases fitness

 

ex. Reptiles and fish watch over young

Term
Inclusive Fitness
Definition
Fitness that includes the reproductive success of relatives
Term
Reciprocal Altruism
Definition

Organisms sacrifice resources for one another

 

ex. Vampire bats feed other bats not even related to eachother

 Problem?= Cheating

Solution= Reciprocal altruism only found in species with long term relationships with eachother

Term
Cognition
Definition
Understanding the world
Term
Intelligence
Definition
Cognitive Capacity
Term
Spacial Intelligence
Definition
Where you identify what shapes would look like from a different angle
Term
Musical
Definition
Ability to varie communication (different tones of message)
Term
Body Kinesthetic
Definition
Knowing where body is and being able to control body movements
Term
Intrapersonal Intelligence
Definition
Relating to others
Term
Intrapersonal
Definition
Knowing and understanding yourself
Term
Koko Gorilla
Definition

Can use sign language and put small sentences together on computer

 

Liked a kitten and it died and she expressed how sad she was

Term
Rhesus Monkey
Definition

Intelligence linked to protein changes in the brain

 

Lobes of captive were larger than ones in the wild

Term

Human Behavior

 

Brain Malformation

Definition
Some individuals have different brain shape, can be genetic, trauma to brain or pregnancy
Term
Family inheritance
Definition
Studies with identical twins that were separated and put into different environments
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
Has genes that turn on and off releasing hormones
Term
West coast advantage
Definition

Athletes on east coast are already starting to become tired at 9 pm, while west coast is wide awake at 6 pm

 

(Relates to circadium rythms)

Term
Amygdala
Definition
Controls anger/emotions
Term
Downs symdrome
Definition

111 on chromosome 21. Live a long time but have personality defects

 

Term
Autism
Definition

May link to problems during Meiosis

 

Deletions and duplications of DNA

 

Term
Bipolar disorder
Definition

Possibly polygenic?

 

related to protein

Term
How do pollutants impact DNA?
Definition

Herbicide atrazine

 

added to frog embryos, changed them from males to females

 

May alter gene expression, increase enzyme that transforms testosterone to estrogen

 

Term
Genetic link between coffee and disease
Definition

May slow fetal growth

 

Reduces nutrient absorption

 

Varied adult responses to caffeine may be genetic

Term
Who owns the Human Genome
Definition

BRCA genes tumor suppressor genes

 

Myriad corporation owns patent in BRCA (breast cancer) genes and tests

 

Test lets you know if you are more likely to get breast cancer

 

Gene patent should stay so they can fund more research

Term
Were Neatherthals like us? (Homo sapians)
Definition

had similar FOX P2 Gene language

 

Relates to ability to vocalize and have it to have complex meaning

 

Neantherthals have this gene so we know they had vocal language

 

Term
Why are human brains so complex
Definition

Mutations in gene that shapes brain and in gene responsible for brain chemicals

 

Term
Current status of 2009 H1N1 flu
Definition

Extensive spread, anti viral drugs most effective

 

over 250 cases where victims had resistance against anti virals

 

 

Term
Differences between dogs and cats
Definition

dogs= hunt in packs, top predators

 

cats= hunt individually, not top predators

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