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Bio 101 Exam 3
N/A
117
Biology
Undergraduate 1
11/05/2013

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Term
Arteries
Definition
Carry blood away from the heart to capillaries.
Term
Capillaries
Definition
Permit exchange of material with tissues
Term
Arterioles
Definition
Small arteries about .5mm. Their contractions effect blood pressure.
Term
Veins
Definition
Return blood from the capillaries to the heart
Term
Venules
Definition
Small veins that drain blood from the capillaries then join to form a vein
Term
Pericardium
Definition
The double walled sack that contains the heart
Term
Atrioventricular Valves (AV)
Definition
One left and one right, permits blood to move form the Atrium to the Ventricle
Term
Atrium
Definition
Upper cahmbers
Term
Ventricle
Definition
Lower Chambers
Term
Semilunar Valves
Definition
One between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery and one between the left ventricle and the aorta.
Term
Pulmonary Arteries
Definition
Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs
Term
Pulmonary Veins
Definition
Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
Term
Sinoatrial Node
Definition
pulse generating tissue located in the right atrium
Term
Atroventricular Node
Definition
part of the electrical control system
Term
Aorta
Definition
distributes oxygenated blood to the rest of the body coming from the left venricle
Term
Superior Vena Cava
Definition
carries deoxygenated blood from the upper half of the body to the right atrium
Term
Inferior Vena Cava
Definition
Carries deoxygenated blood from the lower half of the body to the right atrium
Term
Coronary Arteries
Definition
vessels that carry blood away from the heart
Term
What are the 3 functions of blood?
Definition
Transport, Regulatory, and Protective
Term
Example of the transport function of blood?
Definition
transports waste, nutrients, and hormones
Term
Example of the regulatory function of blood?
Definition
Helps regulate body temp
Term
Example of protective function of blood?
Definition
Protects against disease
Term
The formed elements of blood
Definition
white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets
Term
What do red blood cells do?
Definition
Carry oxygen
Term
Where are red blood cells made?
Definition
in the red bone marrow of the skull, ribs, vertebrae, and ends of large bones.
Term
What do white blood cells do?
Definition
Help with immunity to fight disease
Term
What are platelets?
Definition
fragments of larger cells
Term
What do platelets do?
Definition
help in clotting
Term
Fibrinogen
Definition
what causes clotting
Term
Stem Cells
Definition
undifferentiated cells that become specialized cells
Term
Lymphatic Vessels
Definition
carry lymph and connect lymph nodes
Term
Lymph
Definition
formed from interstitial fluid contains white blood cells
Term
Edema
Definition
the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitium
Term
Primary Lymphoid Organs
Definition
The Thymus and Bone Marrow.
Term
Thymus
Definition
creates lymphocytes, specifically T-cells
Term
Spleen
Definition
filters blood
Term
Lymph Nodes
Definition
act as traps or filters for foreign particles, part of immune system
Term
Innate Immunity
Definition
provides immediate and general defense
Term
Adaptive Immunity
Definition
Provides a more specific immunity because it has a memory
Term
Antigen
Definition
causes immune response (foreign substance/particle)
Term
Histamine
Definition
present in cells of immune system, is released during allergic reaction of tissue damage
Term
Phagocytes
Definition
protect the body by ingesting harmful things
Term
Complement Proteins
Definition
proteins in blood that help fight off disease and infection
Term
B-cells
Definition
Make antibodies in white blood cells
Term
T-cells
Definition
many types, developed in the Thymus, lymphocytes
Term
Passive Immunity
Definition
when antibodies are transferred from one human to another
Term
Active Immunity
Definition
immunity resulting from antibodies
Term
Agglutination
Definition
clumping of particles
Term
Rh Factor
Definition
you usually have or do not have it. usually referring to the D antigen
Term
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Definition
processing center, brain and spinal cord
Term
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Definition
nerves and ganglia outside of the brain and spine
Term
Neurons
Definition
process and transmit signals using electrochemical signals
Term
Neuroglia
Definition
Support neurons, maintain homeostasis using Myelin
Term
Sensory Neurons
Definition
recognize stimuli
Term
Interneuron
Definition
forms connection between neurons
Term
Motor Neuron
Definition
applies to neurons located in the CNS
Term
Cell Body
Definition
part of neuron including the nucleus but not including axons or dendrites
Term
Dendrites
Definition
projections from the cell body that conduct electrochemical signals received from other neurons
Term
Axons
Definition
projections from the cell body that conduct electrochemical signals away from the cell body
Term
Myelin Sheath
Definition
electrically insulating material formed around the axon
Term
Nodes of Ranvier
Definition
gaps in the myelin sheath
Term
Gray Metter
Definition
neurons, glial cells, and capillaries but does not include myelinated axons
Term
White Matter
Definition
Glial Cells and Myelinated axons
Term
Nerve Impulses
Definition
the messages neurons send
Term
Resting Potential
Definition
the potential difference of a normal cell at rest
Term
Active Potential
Definition
the electrical activity developed in a nerve cell during activity
Term
Sodium-potassium Pump
Definition
an enzyme that regulates cell potential. More potassium and less sodium
Term
Axon terminal
Definition
how axons make contact with other nerve cells
Term
Synapse
Definition
allows a neuron to pass a message to another
Term
Functions of a Neurotransmitter
Definition
to carry, boost, and modulate signals between neurons
Term
Acetylcholine
Definition
acts as a neurotransmitter
Term
Norepinephrine
Definition
a hormone and neurotransmitter that causes sudden boosts of energy
Term
Dopamine
Definition
a neurotransmitter that is linked to the idea of motivation and reward. Also linked to Parkinson's disease
Term
Meninges
Definition
protects the CNS
Term
Cerebrum
Definition
part of the brain that is superior in function of the CNS
Term
Diencephalon
Definition
the upper part of the brain stem, contains the pineal gland, thalamus, and hypothalamus
Term
Cerebellum
Definition
the part of the brain that handles motor control
Term
Cranial Nerves
Definition
emerge directly from the brain, but part of PNS not CNS
Term
Spinal Nerves
Definition
there are 31 pairs (left/right) they carry messages from the spine to the rest of the body
Term
Reflexes
Definition
are involuntary and rapid action
Term
Autonomic System
Definition
is part of the PNS and acts as a control center
Term
Interoreceptors
Definition
detects stimulus within the body
Term
Exteroreceptors
Definition
detects stimulus outside the body
Term
Chemoreceptors
Definition
detect chemical change
Term
Photreceptors
Definition
visual
Term
Mechanoreceptors
Definition
detect change in environment like movement
Term
Perception
Definition
organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory info
Term
Integration
Definition
processing of combining incoming info
Term
Sensory Adaptation
Definition
sensory neurons change their sensitivity to a constant stimuli over time
Term
Proprioceptors
Definition
register stretch, tonicity, and movement within muscles
Term
Cutaneous Receptors
Definition
sense pain and temperature, found in the dermis and epidermis
Term
Referred Pain
Definition
pain felt somewhere other than the location of the painful stimulus.
Term
Olfactory cells
Definition
receptors for smell
Term
Retina
Definition
the inner lining of the eye ball
Term
Retina
Definition
the inner lining of the eye ball
Term
Lens
Definition
outer layer of the eye ball
Term
Rod cells
Definition
more numerous than cones and very light sensitive
Term
Cone cells
Definition
sense color
Term
Rhodopsin
Definition
light sensitive pigment found in rod cells
Term
Optic Chiasma
Definition
crossing of the optic nerves on the underside of the hypothalamus
Term
Optic Chiasma
Definition
crossing of the optic nerves on the underside of the hypthalamus
Term
Outer Ear
Definition
gathers sound energy and directs it to the ear drum
Term
Middle Ear
Definition
contains tiny bones that recognize vibration of sound waves
Term
Inner Ear
Definition
contains the chochlea, the critical part of hearing
Term
Auditory Tube
Definition
runs from the middle ear to the pharynx
Term
Malleus
Definition
hammer shaped small bone
Term
Incus
Definition
Anvil shaped bone
Term
Stapes
Definition
Stirrup shaped bone
Term
Nearsighted
Definition
can't see far away, eye ball is too long
Term
Far Sighted
Definition
can't see close up, eye ball is too short
Term
Larynx
Definition
prevents foreign particles from going down wind pipe
Term
Trachea
Definition
windpipe
Term
Bronchi
Definition
two branches of the trachea that go into the lungs
Term
Bronchioles
Definition
branches of the bronchi
Term
Alveoli
Definition
small cavities in the lungs
Term
Epiglottis
Definition
helps direct food to the esophagus when swallowing
Term
Emphysema
Definition
break down of lung tissue
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