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BIO 1010
mid term 2
151
Biology
Undergraduate 1
03/11/2009

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Fungi
Definition

Fungi

-          Domain of eukarya

-          Kingdom of fungi

-          Found in the fossil record (460 million years ago)

-          Thought to have evolved from a unicellular flagellated ancestor

-          Originated 1.5 billion years ago

-          Heterotrophic – but they do not ingest food

-          The absorb nutrients from other organisms –

Term
Absorptive heterotrophy
Definition

 

-          Fungi secrete enzymes that digest their food outside their bodies

-          Then they absorb the small nutrient molecules directly

Term
Body forms of fungi
Definition

 

Hyphae – threadlike filaments

Mycellium – branch and form a network

Single cells -  yeast

Term
Cells of fungi
Definition

 

-          Wall are made of chitin (strong, but flexible)

-          The chains of cells in some hyphae are separated by crosswalls

-          The walls have pores that allow some things to pass

Term
septate hypha
Definition

Fungi with cross walls 

Term
coenocytic  hypha
Definition

Fungi with no cell walls

Term
Fungal Growth
Definition

 

0 fungi grow longer without getting thicker

Very high growth rates: a mycelium can add a kilometre a day

Term
Fungal Reproduction (fig 17.15)
Definition

 

-          Asexual and sexual

-          Fungi produce huge numbers of asexual spores, each of which can germinate to form a new fungus

Term
Mould
Definition

 any rapidly growing fungus that reproduces asexually by producing spores, at the tips of specialized hyphae

Term
Yeast
Definition

 any single celled fungus that reproduces asexually by budding – inhabit liquid or moist habitats

Term
Sexual reproduction of fungi
Definition

 

-          Haploid mycelia

-          Different mating types

-          Release signalling molecules

-          Grow toward each other

-          Fusion of cytoplasm without fusion of nuclei: heterokaryotic stage

-          Cells contain two genetically distant haploid nuclei

-          Hours or centuries may pass before parental nuclei fuse to form a short-lived diploid phase

-          Zygotes undergoes meiosis inside specialized reproductive structures and disperse haploid spores

Term
Sexual Structures of Fungi
Definition

 

-          Used to classify the fungi

-          Fungi that have no known sexual stage are called imperfect fungi

Term
Five major groups o fungi
Definition

 

-          Chytrids (ancestor group)

-          Zygomycetes

-          Glomeromycetes

-          Ascomycetes

-          Basidiomycetes

Term
Chytrids
Definition

 

-          Only fungi with flagellated spores

-          Probably the earliest linage

-          Common in ponds, lakes, soil

-          Linked to mortality in frogs in central America and Australia

Term
Zygomycetes (fig 17.17)
Definition

 

-          Ex. Bread mould, moulds that rot produce

-          Characterized by their zygosporangium

-          Can tolerate harsh conditions

-          When conditions are favourable, parental nuclei fuse, diploid nucleus undergoes meiosis to form spores

-          Sexual reproduction in the fall: genetic diversity

-          Haploid spores mature in the spring

-          Can reproduce asexually for many generations

Term
Glomeromycetes
Definition

 

-          Form mychorrizae that invade plant root with distinct structures called arbuscles

Term
Ascomycetes
Definition

 

-          Unicellular yeasts to morels and cup fungi

-          Named for the sac like asci that hold the sexual spores

-          Varity of habitats: marine, freshwater, terrestrial

-          Pathogenic forms

-          Lichens

Term
Basidiomycetes (mushrooms, puffballs and shelf fungi)
Definition

 

-          Named for their basidia (their sexual spores)

-          Spores are called basidiospores

-          Mushrooms are formed from tightly packed hyphae

-          They are reproductive structure is the part that we eat

Term
Mushroom life cycle
Definition

 

1)      Fusion of the two hyphae of different mating types

2)      Growth of heterokaryotic mycellium

3)      Diploid nuclei

4)      Spores released

5)      Germination of spores and growth of myclia

Term

The basic structure that makes up a fungus is the  ___________

a)      Hypha

b)      Anther

c)       Archegonium

d)      Frond

Definition
a) hypha
Term
Defining characteristics of animals
Definition

 

-          Cells lack walls

-          Have special junctions that join cells

-          Have muscle cells for movement and nerve cells for conductions impulses

-          Unique embryonic stages

-          Unique genes

Term
Animal life cycle
Definition

 

-          Haploid egg and sperm produced by meiosis meet in fertilization

-          The newly formed diploid stage is called a zygote

-          The zygote undergoes a series of mitotic divisions without changing total volume

-          Eventually a hollow ball of cells is formed, this is called a blastula

-          Some cells migrate an infolding in the hollow

-          Gastrulating occurs when a tube is formed in the embryo; it is now know as gastrula

-          The opening formed during gastrulation will become the mouth in some animals

-          The endoderm is the inner layer

-          The ectoderm is the outer layer

-          The larva is an immature form that looks different from the adult

-          Metamorphosis is when the larva undergoes a major change of body form to become the adult

Term
Hox genes
Definition


-          A group of genes that controls the transformation from zygote to adult in animals

-          Control the events that lead to different body forms in different animals

Term
Ecological causes for the Cambian explosion
Definition

 

-          Evolution of hard body coverings: increasingly complex predator-prey relationships

-          Diverse adaptations for feeding, motility and protection

Term
Geological causes
Definition

 

-          Atmospheric oxygen reached a high enough concentration to support the metabolism of more active, mobile animals

Term
Genetic causes
Definition

 

-          The Hox complex of regulatory genes variation in these genes produced animal diversity

Term
Animal body plans vary in:
Definition

 

-          Symmetry

-          Presence and type of body cavity

-          Number of germ layer

Term
A radically symmetrical animal has
Definition

 

-          Top and bottom

-          - but no sides

Term
Animals with bilateral symmetry have
Definition

 

-          Mirror – image , right and left sides

-          Distinct head (anterior) and tail (posterior)

-          A back (dorsal) and belly (ventral)

Term
Organization of tissues of animals
Definition

 

<!--[if !supportLists]-->-          <!--[endif]-->Sponges lack true tissues

<!--[if !supportLists]-->-          <!--[endif]-->In other animals, cell layers formed during gastrulation give rise to tissues and organs

<!--[if !supportLists]-->-          <!--[endif]-->Some animals have only ectoderm and endoderm, but most animals also have a mesoderm

Term
Why have a body cavity
Definition

 

<!--[if !supportLists]-->-          <!--[endif]-->Filled with fluid

<!--[if !supportLists]-->-          <!--[endif]-->Cushions internal organs

<!--[if !supportLists]-->-          <!--[endif]-->Allows organs to grow and move independent of the body wall

Term
Pseudocoelom
Definition

 only two layers of tissue surrounded by endoderm and mesoderm

 

Term
Coelom
Definition
third layer of tissue that is surrounded by mesoderm tissue on all sides
Term
Sponges are simple, sedentary animals
Definition

 

-          Ingest food, no cell walls, genes

-          A sexual and sexual reproduction

Term
Body form of sponges
Definition

 

-          2 layers of cells

-          Separated by gelatinous region

-          Class, carbonate or protein fibres for support

-          Can be simple or more folded and complex

-          Sponges can be put through a sieve, and the cells will eventfully re-aggregate and function as a sponge

-          Outer layer with pores

-          Inner layer

·         Flagellated choanocytes

·         Filters food and engulfs it by phagocytosis

-          Amoebocytes

·         Wander through the middle body region

Term
how do sponges feed?
Definition

Water is drawn in through pores in the body wall into a central cavity, and then flows out rhough a larger opening

Term
Cnidarians: sea jellies, anemones and associates
Definition


Have true tissues: eumetazoans

-          Radially symmetrical

-          Two tissues

-          Simple nervous and muscle system

-          Marine and freshwater habitats, mostly marine

Term
functions of cnidocytes
Definition

 

 

-          Prey capture (carnivores)

-          Defence

-          a fine threads coiled within a capsule

-          can wrap around prey

Cinidocytes sometimes contain poisons

Term
Polyps:
Definition

 attached on the aboral surface

Term
Medusa:
Definition

 float in the water column, oral surface down

Term
Hydras
Definition

 

-          freshwater

-          small: 25 mm

-          Polyps dominant form

Term
Anemones
Definition

 

-          Purely marine

-          Polyp is the dominant life stage

-          Sessile generally but can move away from danger

Term
sea jellies
Definition

 

-          medusa is the dominant body forms

Term
Corals
Definition


-          Polyps forms secrete a hard external skeleton

Term
Coral bleaching
Definition

 

-          Corals have symbiotic algae to provide sugars from photosynthesis: sometimes a majority of the energy requirements

-          Coral bleaching occurs when the symbiotic algae die

-          Caused by raise in temperature, poor water quality and a number of other factors

Term
Asexual reproduction:
Definition

budding or fissioning

Term
   Sexual reproduction:
Definition

-       gametes shed in the water column

Term
Flatworms
Definition


-          Bilaterally symmetrical

-          Acoelomate

-          Thin and ribbon like

-          Three groups: free living; flukes; tapeworms

Term
Flatworms are grouped with the molluscs and annelids due to the type of larvae shared cy all three the _____
Definition

 trochophore

Term
Free living flatworms
Definition

 

-          Highly branched GVC

-          Light-sensitive eyespots and flaps to detect chemical

-          Nerve cells from a simple brains, and a pair of nerve cords

-          Can regenerate

-          Reproduce sexually and asexually by fissioning

Term
Flukes and tapeworms
Definition

 

-          Parasitic flatworms with complex life cycles

-          Flukes have suckers to attach to their hosts

-          Tapeworms inhabit the digestive tract of vertebrates: can have hook and/or suckers

Term
Flukes
Definition

 

-          Single unit body

-          Suckers for attachment

-          Complex life cycle with multiple hosts

-          Mammals usually host the adult stages: definitive host

Term
Tapeworms
Definition

 

-          Ribbon-like body with repeated units

-          Armed with hooks and suckers on anterior end for attachment (scolex)

-          Posterior units: full of eggs and sperm, digestive tract, absorb nutrients from the intestimes of their host

Term
Nematodes
Definition

 

-          Round worms

-          Free living and parasitic

-          Pseudocoelomate, bilateral symmetry

-          Have a cuticle which must be shed for them to grow

-          Live almost every environment: 500 000 species

-          The shedding of the cuticle groups nematodes in the Ecdysoa with arthropods

-          A hormone called acdysone causes the shedding: ecdysis

-          Have a complete digestive tract, muscles

-          Fluid in their body cavity gives them a hydrostatic skeleton

-          Contract muscles to bend body against non-compressible fluid

-          Nematodes move in a whip like motion

 

Term
Canine heart worm
Definition

 

-          Mosquito carrying larvae bites dog

-          Larvae are passed into dogs blood stream

-          Develop into adults

-          Migrate to the heart and lungs

-          Mature males and females mate within the dog and release them into the blood stream where they can be picked up by mosquitoes

Term
Parasitic nematodes: humans
Definition

 

-          At least 50 species

-          Range of severity

-          Trichinosis: from eating infected uncooked pork: larvae encyst in host tissues

Term
Hook worms
Definition

 

-          Inhabit small intestine

 

Term
General body plan of molluscs
Definition


Shell – protein

Mantle – secretes the shell

Muscular foot – locomotion

Radula – rasping organ used to scrape food

Visceral mass – internal organs

Note that molluscs have a coelom and a complete digestive tract

Gills (most)- respiratory structures, housed in the mantle cavity

Note the complexity of the organ system if the visceral mass of molluscs

Excretory : kidney

Heart and gills – circulation and respiration

Circulatory system – unlike flatworms and nematodes

Nerve cords

Separate sexes in most

Term
Major Types of molluscs
Definition

 

Gastropods: snails and slugs

Bivalves – clams, scallops and oysters

Cephalopods – squids and octopi

Chitons

Term
Gastropods
Definition

 

Habitat: freshwater, marine, terrestrial

Land snails are the only molluscs that live on land

Most protected by a single spiral shell

Land snails do not have gills, lining of the mantle cavity acts as a lung

Term
Slugs and sea slugs
Definition

 

-          Have lost their shell during evolution

-          Land slugs have a pneumostome: opening for air

-          Sea slugs often have frilly projections that serve as gills

Term
Bivalves
Definition

 

-          Marine and freshwater

-          Shell composed of two valves

-          Use their foot for digging or anchoring

-          Mussels tend to attach to substrates; clams and scallops tend to move more

Term
Chitions
Definition

 

-          Marine

-          Have a shell composed of 8 plates on dorsal surface

-          Most consume algae and seaweed

-          Some are carnivorous

Term
Cephalopods
Definition

 

-          Fast agile predators

-          Some have external shells: nautilus

-          Others have a small internal shell: squid, cuttlefish and octopus

Cephalopods are good swimmers and hunters

-          Use their mantle cavity as a hydrostatic skeletonephalopod nervous system

-          Large brains

-          Complex eyes

-          Eye forms clear images

-          Octopus how learning abilities

 

 

Term
Annelids have
Definition

 

-          Bilateral summetry

-          Trocophore larvae

-          Segmented bodies

-          Terrestrial – damp soil

-          Marine: water and sediments

-          Freshwater

-          Closed circulatory system: blood remains enclosed in vessels (remember molluscs habe an open circulatory system)

Term
Segmentation
Definition

 

-          Subdivision of the body along the entire length

-          Series of repeated parts

-          Gives flexibility

Term
Groups of Annelids
Definition

 

-          Earthworms and relatives

-          Polychaetes

-          Leeches

Term
Earthworms
Definition

 

-          Hermaphrodites

-          Mate by cross fertilization; cocoons

-          Eat their way through soil: extract nutrients as soil passes along digestive tract

-          Ecologically very important: aerates the soil

-          Improve soil texture with castings (feces)

Term
Anatomy of earthworms
Definition

 

-          Circulatory and longitudinal muscles: work against the coelomic fluid: hydrostatic skeleton

-          Bristles allow them to have tractionégrip surface – 4 per segment

-          Dorsal and central blood vessels, connected by `hearts`- pumping vessels

-          Repeated excretory organs in each segment

Term
Polychaetes
Definition

 

-          Marine annelids

-          Named for their many bristles

-          Bristles aid in movement, can be used as gills, or for feeding

-          Sedentary and active types

Term
Leeches
Definition

 

-          Free living and carnivore

-          Fresh water

-          Have jaws that are razor life to slit the skin of prey

-          Leech anticoagulants used to dissolve blood cots

-          Hirudin inhibits blood coagulation by binding to a protein need for coagulation

-          Leeches secrete anaesthetics which are being studied for therapeutic used as well

Term
Arthropods
Definition

 

-          Bilateral symmetry

-          In the Ecdysoa with nematodes: shed their outer covering

-          A million species, 10^18 individuals

Term
Characteristics of anthropods
Definition

 

1.       Segmented

2.       Hard exoskeleton... must molt to grow

3.       Jointed appendages

Term
Body form **** exam****, look up a digram
Definition

 

-          Several distinct groups of segements that fuse during development

-          Head, throax and abdomen

-          Separate functions in each segment

-          Open circulatory system

-          Gas exchange: aquatic species have gills

Term
Major groups of arthropods
Definition

 

-          Chelicerates

-          Millipedes and centipedes

-          Crustaceans (including insects)

Term
Chelicerates
Definition

 

-          Arachnids, horseshoe crab

-          Named for their chelicerae (mouthparts)

-          Most live on land

-          Their ancestors were the first terrestrial carnivores

Term
Horseshoe crabs
Definition

 

-          Living fossils

-          Abundant 300 million years ago

-          Common on Atlantic and gulf coasts of US

Term
The success of insects is due to
Definition

 

-          Body segmentation

-          An exoskeleton

-          Jointed appendages

-          Flight

-          A waterproof cuticle

-          A complex life cycle with short generations and large numbers of offspring

-          Insects mouthparts are adapted for various types of feeding

-          Chewing (grasshoppers)

-          Biting and tearing prey (mantids)

-          Lapping up fluids (houseflies)

-          Piercing and sucking fluids out of plants (aphids) and animals (mosquitoes)

Term
Insect life cycles
Definition

 

-          Include metamorphosis

-          Different body form as they develop from larva to an adult

-          Division of resources: adults and larvae do not compete

Term
Types of metamorphosis:
Definition

 

Complete- flies, bees, moths, butterflies

Incomplete – grasshoppers and cockroaches

Term
Complete
Definition

 

-          Pupa is non-feeding

-          Rebuilds body

-          Larva specialized for eating and growing

Term

Incomplete

 

Definition

-          Larvae à adult achieved through multiples molts

-          No pupa formed

Term
Protective color patterns
Definition

 

-          Modifications to antennae, wings, and bodies

-          Imitation of other organisms

-          Camouflage

-          Predator-prey-co-evolution

Term

During embryonic development...

In protosomes:

Definition

1st opening becomes the organism’s mouth

Term
during development In deuterostomes:
Definition

 

1st opening becomes the anus, 2nd opening becomes the mouth

Term
Enchinoderms: sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, sand dollars
Definition

 

-          Marine

-          Slow-moving or sessile radically symmetrical organisms

-          Endoskeleton of hard calcareous plates under a thin skin

-          5 part symmetry

-          Water vascular system

Term
Water vascular system
Definition

 

-          Water-filled canals

-          Branch into tube feet

-          Used for respiration, feeding, locomotion

-          Tube feet extend when water is pushed into canals

Term
Tunicates
Definition

 are planktivores

-          Filter suspended plankton from the water

Term
Lancelets
Definition

 

-          Small, bladelike chordates that live in marine sands

-          Lancelets are the closest living relatives of vertebrates

Term
Craniates
Definition

 

-          Chordates that have a head

Term
Vertebrates
Definition

 

-          Chordates with a extensive skull and backbone – an endoskeleton

-          Skull encloses brain; vertebrae enclose the nerve cord

Term
Jawless fish
Definition

 

-          Hagfish and lampreys

-          Both have a notochord that persists in adults

-          Body’s main support

Term

Hagfishes

Definition

-          Scavengers of dead and dying marine organisms

-          Nearly blind, but smell and touch are well developed

-          Tooth like structures on the tongue grasp flesh

-          Produce copious amounts of slime

-          When threat has passed they twist themselves to remove slime

Term
Lampreys
Definition

 

-          Oldest vertebrates

-          Fresh water and marine forms

-          Suspension feeders and parasites

-          Parasitic lampreys mouth modified for attaching to the victim and feeding on blood and tissues

-          Invasive species in the great lakes

Term
Evolution of jaws
Definition

 

-          Jawed vertebrates appeared in the fossil record 470 million years ago

-          First jawed vertebrates were fish

-          Jaws enable them to eat more prey types

-          Paired fins and tail enable them to catch and eat a variety of prey types

-          The vast majority of vertebrates have composed of two skeletal parts held together by a hinge

-          Hypothesis evolved by modification of skeletal support from the pharynegial gill slits

Term
groups of Jawed fishes
Definition

 

1.       Chondricthyans: sharks, skates and rays

2.       Ray finned fishes

3.       Lobe finned fishes

Term
Chrondricthyans –
Definition

 

Have a flexible skeleton made of cartilage

Term
Most sharks are predators
Definition

 

-          Fast swimming

-          Powerful jaws

-          Sharp vision, good sense of smell

-          Lateral line system (like other fish) sense changes in pressure and vibration

Term
Ray finned fishes
Definition

 

-          Skeleton is ossified-cartilage reinforced with hard matrix of calcium phosophate

-          Fins are supported by thin flexible skeletal rays

-          Flattened scales covering skin

-          Mucous coats skin- hydrodynamics

Term
Swim bladder
Definition

 

-          Gas filled sac

-          Helps maintain buoyancy

-          Not present in chrodricthians

Term
Operculum
Definition

 

-          Hard protective flap covering the gills

Term
Lobe finned fishes
Definition

 

Have muscular pelvic and pectoral fins

-          Supported with a series of rod shaped bones

-          During Devonian, may have “walked” underwater

Term
Tiktaalik – “ the fishapod”
Definition

 

-          Recent fossil found in the Arctic

-          Transistional form:

-          Had gills and scales

-          Wrist bones and finger show that they were weight bearing; had lungs

-          Lacked fish bony plates in gill area

-          Had a neck

Term
distinguishing features of vertebrates are the presence of
Definition

 

a)      A skull and backbone

b)      Segmentation and bilateral symmetry

c)       Feathers and jaws

d)      A gastrovascular cavity and nervous system

e)      A post-anal tail and pharyngeal slit

Term
amphibians are still tied to water
Definition

 

-          Moist skin used to supplement lungs

-          Eggs are jelly like

-          Tadpole larvae are aquatic (gills)

-          Divides resources among adults and larvae

-          Tadpole: aquatic algae eater

-          Adult frog: terrestrial insect eater

Term
Groups of amphibians
Definition

 

-          Salamanders walk on land with a side-to-side bending

-          Frogs hop with powerful hind legs

-          Caecilians are blind and legless, burrowing in moist tropical soil

-          Some salamanders retain the gills in the adults

-          Caecilians evolved from a four legged ancestor

Term
Reptiles
Definition

 – major derived characteristic is the amniotic egg

-          Amniotes, along with birds and mammals

-          Amniotic egg allows them to lay eggs on land the amnion is a fluid sac within the egg

-          Skin with sales, waterproofed with keratin

-          Non-bird reptiles are ectodermic: absorb heat rather than generating it

-          Regulate their temperature by basking or seeking shade

Term
Groups of Reptiles
Definition

 

-          Turtles

-          Crocodilians

-          Lizards

-          Snakes

-          Birds

-          Dinosaurs

Term
Crocodilians
Definition

 

-          Largest reptiles in general

-          Spend most of their time in the water

-          Upturned nostrils

-          Excellent predators

Term
Lizards and Snakes
Definition

 

-          Most diverse group of living reptiles other than birds: lizards

-          Snakes closely related to lizards

-          Snakes’ ancestors adapted to a burrowing lifestyle: lost limbs

-          Can unlock their jaw to consume very large prey

Term
Turtles
Definition

 

-          Terrestrial (tortoises) and aquatic (marine as well)

-          Shell attached to skeleton

Term
Dinosaurs
Definition

 

-          Lasted 200 million years

-          Some may have been endothermic generated some heat from metabolism

-          Parental care

-          Died out 65 million years ago

-          Birds are descendents of one dinosaur group

Term
Birds
Definition

 

-          Feathered reptiles with adaptations for flight

-          Small two legged dinosaurs called theropods

-          Had feathers

-          Most primitive bird- archaeopteryx

-          Feathered wings

-          Features of a small bipedal dinosaur

Term
Adaptations for flight
Definition

 

-          Loss of teeth

-          Tail supported by only a few vertebrae

-          Feathers with hollow shaft

-          Strong but light honey combed bones

-          Powerful muscles

-          Highly efficient lung

-          Flight is very costly

-          Present day birds are endotherms with a high rate of metabolism

Term
Bird Brain
Definition

 

-          Flying requires acute sense: excellent vision

-          Most birds have large brains for the size of their body

-          Display complex behaviours and social organization

-          Migration

Term
Characteristics of mammals
Definition

 

-          Hair and  mammary glands

-          Long periods of parental care

-          Endothermy

-          Large brains

-          Efficient organ systems

Term
The earliest mammals
Definition

 

-          200 million years ago

-          Small nocturnal insect eaters

-          Marsupials 180 million years ago

-          Adaptive radiation following the cretaceous extincition

Term
Major groups of mammals
Definition

 

-          Monotremes

-          Marsupials

-          Eutherians- placental mammals

Term
Monotremes
Definition

 

-          Platypus and spiny anteaters

-          Lay eggs, incubate them in a nest

-          Young feed on milk from the mother

Term

Embryos of ______ and _______ are nurtured by a placenta within the uterus. The placenta allows nutrients from the mother’s blood to diffuse into the embryo’s blood

Definition
marsupials and eutherians
Term
Marsupials
Definition

 

-          Young are born and complete development in a marsupium where they feed from the mother

-          Live in north and south America, Australia and New Zealand

Term
Eutherian Mammals
Definition

 

-          Have fully developed live young

-          The young fully complete development in the uterus attached to the placenta

-          Protected in an amniotic sac in amniotic fluid

Term
Primates:
Definition

 the order to which humans belong

-          Earliest primates – 65 million years ago

-          Small tree dwelling

Term
Major groups of primates
Definition

 

-          Lemurs and relatives

-          Tarsiers

-          Monkeys

-          Apes

Term
Lemurs, loris and tarsiers
Definition

 

-          Arboreal

-          Limber joint

-          Grasping feet and hands

-          Flexible thumbs

-          Binocular vision with depth perception

Term
Lorises
Definition

 – tropical Africa and southern Asia

Term
Lemurs
Definition

 – Madagascar in the Indian Ocean

Term
Tarsiers
Definition

– nocturnal, southern Asia

Term
Anthropoids: monkeys and hominids
Definition

 

-          Diverged about million years ago

-          Larger brains and better eyesight

-          Rely on eyesight more than sense of smell

-          Opposable thumbs

Term
Monkeys
Definition

 

-          Two groups: old world and new worlds monekys

-          Probably in Africa and Asia (old world) and reached South America (new world) on rafts

Term
New world monkeys
Definition

 

-          Nostrils are wide open and far apart

-          Long prehensile tail

Term
Old world monkeys
Definition

 

-          Nostrils open downwards

-          Tails are not prehensile

Term
Hominoids: the apes (including humans)
Definition

 

-          Smaller geographic range than the monkeys

-          Lack a tail; long arms and short legs

-          Large brains relative to body size

-          Behaviour is flexible, complex

-          Some live in societies

Term
Gibbons
Definition

 

-          South east Asia

-          Small, light and acrobatic

-          Monogamous

-          Arboreal

Term
Orangutans
Definition

 

-          Sumatra and Borneo

-          Large, moves slowly using all limbs

-          Arboreal

Term
Gorillas
Definition

 

-          Largest

-          African rain forest

-          Live in groups of 20

-          Can stand upright

Term
Chimpanzees and Bonobos
Definition

 

-          “knuckle walkers”

-          Spend ¼ of their time on the groud

-          Tropical Africa

-          Can walk upright

Term
Chimpanzees
Definition

 

-          Make use of tools

-          Can learn language

-          Complex social groups

-          Share 99% of genome with humans

Term
Paleoanthropology
Definition

 

-          The study of human origins and evolution

-          20 species of extinct hominids found in fossil form: more closely related to humans than to chimps

Term
Australopiths
Definition

 

-          Several species

-          2-4 million years ago

-          Increased hominid diversity

-          Australopithecus

Term
Latoli footprints
Definition

 

-          Tanzania, 1978

-          Hominid footprints preserved in ash

Term
Neanderthals
Definition

 

-          Muscular and robust

-          Brain similar in size but distinct in shape to human brain

-          Large nose

Term
Speaking ability
Definition

 

-          Our species emerged from Africa in one or more wave

-          Language is a uniquely human triat that permits the creation of human cultures

-          Humans can use language in abstract ways

-          Linguistic ability has been linked to a particular gene

Term
Human skin colour
Definition

 

-          Human skin color varies geographically, likely as a result f natural selection

-          Natural selection may have balanced

-          Ability to block UV radiation

-          Degrades folate

-          Ability to absorb UV radiation

-          Vitamin D synthesis

Term
Folate:
Definition

 fetal development and spermatogenesis

Term
Vitamin D :
Definition

 bone development (especially in pregnant women and small children)

Term

The species most closely related to humand is the

a)      Gorilla

b)      Orang-utan

c)       Chimp

Definition
c)       Chimp
Term
Major categories of animal tissue
Definition

 

-          Epithelial tissue

-          Nervous tissue

-          Muscle tissue

-          Connective tissue

Term
Connective tissue
Definition

 

-          Relatively fewer cells scattered through the extracellular matrix

-          Cells secrete an extracellular matrix – a web of fibres in a liquid, jelly or solid

1)      Loose connective tissue – loosely packed collagen

2)      Fibrous connective tissue – densely packed bundles of collagen, non- elastic strength

3)      Adipose tissue – closely packed fat storing cell

4)      Cartilage – many collagen fibres embedded in a rubbery material

5)      Bone – collagen fibres embedded in minerals

6)      Blood – extensive extracellar matrix is plasma – water, salts and dissolved proteins

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