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BIO 100 vocab exam1
from professor Cates BIO 100 class
40
Biology
Undergraduate 1
10/05/2011

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Term
Lactobacillus acidophilus
Definition
a bacterium that is used to make yogurt and to supplement probiotics.
Term
parasitism
Definition
the relation between two different kinds of organisms in which one receives benefits from the other by causing damage to it
Term
mutualism
Definition
Symbiosis that is beneficial to both organisms involved
Term
plasmid
Definition
A genetic structure in a cell that can replicate independently of the chromosomes, typically a small circular DNA strand in the cytoplas
Term
conjugation
Definition
The temporary union of two bacteria or unicellular organisms for the exchange of genetic material.
Term
probiotic
Definition
Denoting a substance that stimulates the growth of microorganisms, especially those with beneficial properties (such as those of the intestinal flora).
Term
Cell signaling
Definition
system of communication that governs basic cellular activities and coordinates cell actions.
Term
endocrine signaling
Definition
endocrine cells secrete hormones that are carried by the circulation to distant target cells.
Term
chronic stress
Definition
is the response of the brain to unpleasant events for a prolonged period
Term
acute stress
Definition
is experienced in response to an immediate perceived threat
Term
cortisol
Definition
an adrenal-cortex hormone that is active in carbohydrate and protein metabolism. It is released in response to stress
Term
CRH
Definition
is a polypeptide hormone and neurotransmitter involved in the stress response.
Term
ACTH
Definition
a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal cortex
Term
Adipose tissue
Definition
a kind of body tissue containing stored fat that serves as a source of energy
Term
endoplasmic reticulum
Definition
A network of membranous tubules within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the nuclear membrane.
Term
golgi apparatus
Definition
A complex of vesicles and folded membranes within the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells, involved in secretion and intracellular transport
Term
DNA
Definition
a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information
Term
leptin
Definition
A protein produced by fatty tissue and believed to regulate fat storage in the body
Term
Cell membrane
Definition
The semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell
Term
Neuron
Definition
A specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses
Term
Active transport
Definition
The movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy
Term
Diffusion
Definition
the process by which molecules spread from areas of high to low
Term
Action Potential
Definition
The change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell
Term
Serotonin
Definition
A compound present in blood platelets and serum that constricts the blood vessels and acts as a neurotransmitter
Term
Synapse
Definition
A junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a minute gap across which impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter
Term
Neurotransmitter
Definition
A chemical substance that is released at the end of a nerve fiber by the arrival of a nerve impulse and, by diffusing across the synapse or junction, causes the transfer of the impulse to another nerve fiber, a muscle fiber, or some other structure
Term
Exocytosis
Definition
A process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane
Term
Reuptake
Definition
, is the reabsorption of a neurotransmitter by a neurotransmitter transporter of a pre-synaptic neuron after it has performed its function of transmitting a neural impulse.
Term
Monamine Oxidase
Definition
An enzyme (present in most tissues) that catalyzes the oxidation and inactivation of neurotransmitters
Term
primary structure
Definition
The characteristic sequence of amino acids forming a protein or polypeptide chain, considered as the most basic element of its structure
Term
Amino Acid
Definition
A simple organic compound containing both a carboxyl) and an amino group
Term
Enzyme
Definition
A substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction
Term
Hormone
Definition
A regulatory substance produced in an organism and transported in tissue fluids such as blood or sap to stimulate specific cells or tissues into action
Term
Hemoglobin
Definition
A red protein responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood of vertebrates.
Term
Insulin
Definition
A hormone produced in the pancreas that regulates the amount of glucose in the blood
Term
Chromosome
Definition
A threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes
Term
Gene
Definition
A distinct sequence of nucleotides forming part of a chromosome
Term
Nucleotide
Definition
A compound consisting of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group. Nucleotides form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA
Term
Allele
Definition
One of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome
Term
Gel Electrophoresis
Definition
Gel electrophoresis is a technique used for the separation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), or protein molecules using an electric field applied to a gel matrix
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