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Bio 100 Review of NEW Material
Bio 100 final review on new material
89
Biology
Undergraduate 1
12/15/2009

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
The Plant Kingdom
Definition
Nearly all are multicelled
Vast majority are photoautotrophs
Term
Stems and leaves
Definition
Absorb energy from sun -> sugars and oxygen
Term
Shoot systems
Definition
Contain lignin
(Component of cell walls for strength)
Carry out reproductive functions
Term
Plant tissues
Definition
Dermal tissue
Protection
Stomata with guard cells
Root hairs
Term
Ground tissue
Definition
Photosynthesis
Stores starch and water
Support
Term
Vascular tissue system
Definition
Xylem (up)
Phloem (down)
Term
Annuals
Definition
Complete life cycle in one growing season
Peas, snapdragons and nasturtium
Term
Biennials
Definition
Live for two seasons
First season – roots, stems and leaves
Second season – flowers
Term
Perennials
Definition
Grow and produce seeds year after year
Term
Root Functions
Definition
-Anchor the plant
-Penetrate the soil and absorb water and dissolved minerals
-Store food
Term
Root systems
Definition
Tap
fibrous
Term
Meristem Functions
Definition
give rise to new cells and cell types throughout plant life
Term
Two types of Meristems
Definition
Apical meristem
Lateral meristem
Term
Apical Meristems
Definition
Lengthen shoots and roots
Responsible for primary growth
Term
Lateral Meristems
Definition
Increases width of roots and stems
Responsible for secondary growth
Term
Function of Stems
Definition
-Supporting leaves, flowers, fruits
-Transport of water and sugars
Term
Annual Rings
Definition
Concentric rings of xylem
Alternating bands of early and late wood
Term
Early wood
Definition
Xylem cells with large diameter, thin walls
Term
Late wood
Definition
Xylem cells with smaller diameter, thicker wall
Term
Modified stems: Bulbs
Definition
Fleshy leaves attached to stem
Onions
Term
Modified stems: Runners
Definition
Horizontal stems – grow on surface
Strawberry's
Term
Modified stems: Rhizomes
Definition
Horizontal stems – grow underground
Grass
Term
Modified stems: Tuber
Definition
Storage of carbohydrates
Potato
Term
Modified stems: Tendrils
Definition
Support plant (Mod Stem)
Grapes
Term
Modified Stem: Thorns
Definition
protectcion (MS)
Cactus
Term
Modified Stem: Cladophyll
Definition
Flatten photosynthetic stems.
Example:
Cactus
Term
Leaves
Definition
Usually thin
-Maximize surface area
-Promotes diffusion through stomata
Carbon dioxide in
Oxygen out
-arranged to capture sunlight
-Are held perpendicular to rays of sun
Term
Simple leaves
Definition
Undivided blade
Variations
-Teeth
-Indentions
-Simple pinnate
-Simple palmate (Veins come back to center)
-Simple palmate
Term
Compound leaves
Definition
Blade divided into leaflets
Pinnately compound
Palmately compound
Term
Modified leaves: Bracts
Definition
can act as showy petals
Term
Modified leaves: Spines
Definition
protection, reduce water loss
Term
Insectivorous leaves
Definition
Pitcher plants
Venus flytrap
Term
Gymnosperms
Definition
naked seeds
Term
Angiosperms
Definition
covered seeds
Term
Lenticels
Definition
Allow gas exchange
Term
Lenticels
Definition
Allow gas exchange
Term
Casparian strip
Definition
Waxy layer around cells
Controls flow of water and nutrients
Water and solutes must flow through cells into vascular layer
Term
Symbiosis
Definition
two organisms living together
Term
Mycorrhizae
Definition
fungus root
Term
Transpiration
Definition
Evaporation of water from stomata in leaves
Term
Water transports thru
Definition
Through xylem
Term
Transpiration from stomata
Definition
Creates negative pressure or tension in xylem
Term
Cohesion-Tension
 Theory of Water Transport
Definition
Tensions extend downward from leaves to roots
Hydrogen-bonded water molecules are pulled upward
Term
Guttation
Definition
Root pressure is high
Forces water up to leaves
Water comes out near veins, not somata
Term
Pressure Flow Theory – transport of organic molecules
Definition
Transport of sugars – sucrose
Starches, proteins and fats too large
Source to sink
Source – regions of photosynthesis
Transported in phloem
Term
Nodules
Definition
nitrogen fixation
Term
Sink
Definition
places where sucrose stored or used
Term
Organization scheme of life
Definition
Population
-Population size
-Population density
-Population distribution
Term
Biotic Potential
Definition
Potential of an organism to replace itself
Term
Factors influencing biotic potential
Definition
Age at which an organism first reproduces
Frequency of reproduction
Average number of offspring produced
Length of organism’s lifespan
Death rate under ideal conditions
Term
Factors affecting
Population growth rate
Definition
Birth rate
Mortality – death rate
Immigration
Emigration
Term
Survivorship curves
Definition
Percentage of an original population that survives to a given age
Term
Exponential growth
Definition
Boom or bust
Term
Limiting factor
Definition
Factors that limit the size of a population
Space, light, water and nutrients
Term
Carrying capacity
Definition
Maximum number of individuals that an area can support
Term
Density dependent factors
Definition
Disease
Interactions among organisms
-Competition
-Predator / prey
Stress
Term
Factors affecting community structure
Definition
Geo-chemical
Type and amount of food available
Adaptive traits of organisms
Specialist
Generalist
Interactions among populations
Term
Fundamental niche
Definition
Full range of environmental conditions under which an organism exists
Term
Realized niche
Definition
Smaller niche resulting from pressure and interactions with other organisms
Term
Camouflage
Definition
Color, shape and behavior of organism make it difficult to detect
Term
Individual responses
(Predator / prey relationships)
Definition
Startle behavior
Playing dead
Shedding body parts
Outrunning predator
Term
Group responses
(Predator / prey relationships)
Definition
Schools
Herds
Term
Plant defenses
Definition
Thorns
Spines
Chemical substances
Term
Primary compounds
Definition
All those compounds necessary for growth
Term
Secondary compounds
Definition
Repel, kill or interfere with normal activities of plant eating organisms
-Cyanide, cocaine, caffeine, tannins
Term
animal defenses
Definition
Armor
Warning coloration
Mimicry
Term
Symbiosis
Definition
Two organisms of different species live together in close and long term association
Term
Parasitism
Definition
Parasite benefits but host is harmed
-Ectoparasite
-Endoparaste
-Host specific
-Social parasitism
Term
Mutualism
Definition
Both organisms benefit
Endosymbiosis theory
Term
Commensalism
Definition
One benefits and other is neither harmed or benefited
Term
Ecosystem
Definition
Living and nonliving components interacting
Term
Abiotic
Definition
Nonliving
Term
Biotic
Definition
Living
Term
Decomposers
Definition
Release chemical into environment, digest and absorb digested nutrients
Bacteria and fungus
Term
Detritivore
Definition
Eat dead organic matter
Earthworms, crabs
Term
Biological magnification
Definition
endency of toxic substances to increase in concentration in progressively higher levels in the food chain
Term
Energy flow
Definition
One way
10 percent
Term
Succession
Definition
Changes in vegetation over time
Occurs in stages = seres
Types:
-Primary succession
-Secondary succession
Term
Asexual Reproduction (Plants)
Definition
New roots or shoots grow from extensions or fragments of existing plants
Proceeds by way of mitosis
All offspring are genetically identical
Term
Vegetative Reproduction (Asexual Reproduction)
Definition
Bulbs
Runners
Rhizomes
Tubers
Corms
Term
Artificial methods (Asexual Reproduction)
Definition
Cuttings
Grafting
Tissue culture
Term
Nonfertile parts
of the Flower
Definition
Sepals
Petals
Term
Fertile parts
of the Flower
Definition
Male: stamens
Female: carpels (ovary)
Term
Pollination
Definition
transfer of pollen grains to a receptive stigma
Term
Double Fertilization
Definition
Pollen grain lands on the stigma and germinates
A pollen tube grows
Generative nuclei divides forms two sperm nuclei
-One sperm fertilizes the egg
-Other fuses with nuclei of endosperm
Term
Endosperm Formation
Definition
-Occurs only in angiosperms
-Fusion of a sperm nucleus with the nuclei of endosperm produces a triploid (3n) cell
-Gives rise to the endosperm
Term
Ovary
Definition
Walls of ovary change:
-Fleshy fruit
-Modify to form wing structure
-Form pod
Term
Modes of seed dispersal
Definition
Wind currents
Water currents
Animals
Fruit structure is adapted to mode of dispersal
Term
Seed Germination
Definition
Process by which the plant embryo resumes growth after seed dispersal
Depends upon environmental factors:
-Temperature
-Soil moisture
-Oxygen levels
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