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BIO 1 Chapt 35
The Nervous System
46
Biology
9th Grade
02/05/2011

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Term
Nervous System
Definition
Struc: Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves
Func: Recognize, coordinate respond to internal and external stimuli
Term
Integumentary System
Definition
Struc: Skin, hair, nails, sweat, oil glands
Func: A barrier against infection and in jury, regulates body temp, protects from sun
Term
Respiratory System
Definition
Struct: Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, trachea, bronchi, broncioles,lungs
Func: Delivers oxygen to tissues and cells while removing Carbon Dioxide
Term
Digestive System
Definition
Struc: Mouth pharynx, esophogus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum
Func: Converts food to smaller molecules that can be used by the cells of the body, absorbs nutrients, eliminates wastes
Term
Excretory System
Definition
Skin, lungs, kidneys, ureturs, urinary bladder, urethra
Func: Eliminates waste and maintains homeostasis
Term
Skeletal System
Definition
Struc: Bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons
Func: Supports the body, protects internal organs, stores minerals, blood formation
Term
Muscular System
Definition
Struc: Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle
Func: Produces voluntary movement, moves food thru the digestive system and helps circulate blood
Term
Circulatory System
Definition
Struc: Heart, blood vessels, blood
Func: Brings oxygen, nutrients and hormones to the cells, fights infection, removes cell waste, regulates body temp
Term
Endocrine System
Definition
Struc: Hypothalamus, thyroid, pituitary, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes
Func: Controls growth, development and metabolism, maintains homeostasis
Term
Reproductive System
Definition
Struc: Testes, epididymis, penis, ovaries, uterus, vagina
Func: Produces reproductive cells (eggs and sperm)
Term
Lymphatic/Immune Sytems
Definition
Struc: White bolld cells, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, lymph vessels
Func: Fights disease, collects fluid lost from blood vessels and returns it to the circulatory system.
Term
Specialized Cells
Definition
They are cells which are uniquely suited a particular function.
Term
Epithelial Tissue
Definition
Glands and tissues that covers both the inside and the outside of the bodies surfaces.
Term
Connective Tissue
Definition
provides support for the body and connects its parts.
Term
Nervous Tissue
Definition
Transmits nerve impulses
Term
Muscle Tissue
Definition
Enables the body to move
Term
Tissue
Definition
A group of cells that work together to perform a specific function
Term
Organ
Definition
A group of different tissues which work together to perform a single function. Four types: epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous.
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
Means "keeping things in balance" The body does it by all body systems working together at all times to maintain a stable internal environment.
Term
Nervous System
Definition
Controls and coordinates functions throughout the body and responds to both internal and external stimuli.
Term
Neuron
Definition
The cells that transmit nerve impulses. Three kinds: sensory, motor and interneurons.
Term
Cell Body
Definition
The largest part of a neuron, it contains the nucleus and most of the cytoplasm with organelles.
Term
Dendrites
Definition
Extend from the cell body. Carry impulses from other neurons or the environment towards the cell body.
Term
Axon
Definition
The long, thin fiber that extends away from the cell body and carries the impulse to its terminals for transmission to the next cell or target tissue.
Term
Axon Terminal
Definition
The end of the axon where neurotransmitter will be released.
Term
Myelin (sheath)
Definition
An insulating membrane on the axon of some nerve cells. Does not cover the entire axon but leaves gaps, called nodes where the axon is exposed to the environment.
Term
Nodes
Definition
The places on some axons where the myelin sheath is missing. The impulse "jumps" down the axon from node to node.
Term
Resting Potential
Definition
The electrical charge across the nerve cell membrane in its resting state. The outside of the nerve cell is positive while the inside is negative.
Term
Nerve Impulse
Definition
Begins when a neuron is stimulated by another neuron of the environment.
Term
Action Potential
Definition
When the impulse travels down the axon it causes a very short, localized reversal of the charge inside the cell making it more positive than outside the cell. As soon as the impulse passes that section of the axon the ion channels open allowing it to go back to the resting state where the inside is again more negative.
Term
Threshold
Definition
The minimum strength of a stimulus that is required to activate a nerve cell. All-or-none refers to the fact that the impulse will either go, or not. There is never a "kinda" impulse.
Term
Synapse
Definition
The location at which a neuron can transfer an impulse from its axon terminals to the dendrites of another neuron. This is where neurotransmitters are released using exocytosis.
Term
Neurotransmitter
Definition
The axon terminals have vessicles with these chemicals in them which will be released into the synapse in order to send the impulse to the next nerve cell.
Term
Central Nervous System
Definition
Relays messages, processes information and analyzes information. It controls the entire body and maintains homeostasis thru this control.
Term
Meninges
Definition
Three layers of connective tissue that surround the brn and spinal cord. Infection/inflamation of them causes neck pain and stiffness with a fever and headaches, called meningytis.
Term
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Definition
Surrounds the brain and spinal cord to protect it. Blood must pass thru this to get to the brain or spinal cord.
Term
Cerebrum
Definition
the largest part of the brain, responsible for conscious activities. Also the site of intelligence, learning and judgement.
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
The control center for hunger, thirst, anger, fatigue and body temp. A big role in homeostasis.
Term
Brain Stem
Definition
Connects the brain and spinal cord. All incoming and outgoing impulses pass thru here. Controls blood pressure, heart rate, breathing and swallowing. The oldest part of the brain and the part we have in common with even extremely low level organisms like worms.
Term
Reflex
Definition
A quick, automatic movement in response to a stimulus. Allows your body to respond to danger immediately without having to travel to the brain.
Term
Peripheral Nervous System
Definition
All the nerve cells and tissues which are not part of the brain and spinal cord. Two parts: Somatic and Autonomic.
Term
Somatic Nervous System
Definition
Part of the peripheral nervous system. Regulates activites under conscious or voluntary control such as skeletal muscle.
Term
Autonomic Nervous System
Definition
Regulates involuntary functions. Two parts: sympathetic and parasympathetic which act to turn on and off the same same organ under different circumstances.
Term
Sensory Neuron
Definition
Carries impulses from the body to the brain for interpretation and response if needed.
Term
Motor Neuron
Definition
Carries impulses from the brain to the peripheral nerves throughout the body in response to sensory nerve input.
Term
Interneuron
Definition
Connects two neurons to transmt information in the same direction (either towards or away from the brain)
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