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Mollecular and Cellular Biology
34
Biology
Undergraduate 1
04/29/2014

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Term
1. Source of energy stored in ATP
Definition
built up negative phosphate groups. Potential energy because all the negatives want to get away from each other
Term
2. How does protein machine enhance breakdown of ATP->ADP+Pi
Definition
enzymes can catalyze/accelerate polymerization

H2O's oxygen attacks phosphate group stealing P
Term
3. How do you make a better/ faster or slower enzyme?
Definition
position of molecules help move alone or cause chemistry to happen
if protein has a + enzyme needs a negative.

Faster or slower if enzyme works well w/ binding.

Big uncharged side chain needs big uncharged pocket
Term
4. mRNA=?
Definition
messenger RNA
Term
5. what does mRNA do?
Definition
it is an exact copy of dna info, its used as intstructions for a protein, sucked up into polymerase and made into a chain that matches dna exactly (codons)
Term
6. tRNA=?
Definition
transfer RNA
Term
7. what does tRNA do?
Definition
contains anti codons that match up w mrna must feel right with amino acid, hbonds and base pairing
Term
8. what does synthetase do?
Definition
2 bonding sites, one for specific amino acid and one for specific tRNA and matches them together
Term
9. what does termination factor do?
Definition
Also called release factor, once stop codon is in place no more tRNAs are right to match up with mRNA, TF (protein) comes in with right hbond feel and sits on codon telling ribosome subunits to seperate and strand is released
Term
10. what is an Amino acid?
Definition
compounds with a carboxyl group (COOH) and an amino group (NH2) have sidecahins
Term
11. rRNA=?
Definition
part of ribosome essential for protein synthesis
Term
12. Ribosome
Definition
where all trnas with amino acids come through to match up with mRNA
Term
13. start codon:
Definition
codon that has a certain feel to start mRNA chain. always methionine
Term
14. stop codon:
Definition
termination codon, basically ends mRNA chain
Term
15. codon?
Definition
3 nucleotides on mRNA
Term
16. anticodon?
Definition
3 nucleotides on tRNA that match up with mRNA
Term
17. what does EF-Tu stand for?
Definition
Elongation Factor, Tu
Term
18. IF=?
Definition
Initiation factor, helps get things started in ribosome
Term
19. EF=?
Definition
elongation factor, part of repetitive amino addition process
Term
20. what does EF-Tu do?
Definition
since EF-Tu prevents peptide transfer reaction, tRNA must outwait the EF-Tu timer, this is critical because 'near fit' tRNAs can enter ribosome & sit on codon. They must be given time to fail/leave
Term
21. what happens if EF-Tu had a slower timer?
Definition
tRNA binding with mRNA in the ribosome would be more accurate because the chance of a poor fit outlasting the timer would become even less.
Term
22. why does GTPase and EF-Tu and its binding property with tRNA favor well matched tRNAS?
Definition
because bad matches will leave if EF-Tu does not let them pass for so long
Term
23. What is the cell's strategy for 'fishing' with tubulin/microtubules?
Definition
to send sensors/protein out (beeping) until every chromosome is caught
Term
24. how do microtubules work?
Definition
chain of GTPs burning into GDPs, as long as the GTPs are increasing at a higher rate than the GDPs are burning off then the microtubules will extend far enough to "catch" a chromosome
Term
25. Why are the sizes of microtubules constantly changing?
Definition
The GTP is constantly growing and GDP is constantly burning off but at different rates
Term
26. role of the 'clock'?
Definition
The 'cap' of GTP-bearing molecules on a microtube are collectively the timer
Term
27. As long as tip is in stable/add state (orange) it grows
Definition
Term
28. If tip switches to unstable (blue) state it falls apart
Definition
Term
29. What is the stuff behind the cap considered?
Definition
considered capped
Term
30. What is happening when we trigger an operation whose efficiency is controlled? (microtubule)
Definition
a delay is created between trigger and outcome
Term
31. 2 states of EF-Tu
Definition
binding or not binding (tRNA and amino acid)

switched by GTP
Term
32. 2 states of tubulins
Definition
GTP form- straight, easy to add to, makes a stable end

GDP form- bent, constantly disassembling, hard to add to
Term
33. 2 states of hemoglobin
Definition
oxy- high pH, low ions, therefore tetramers are not influenced thus binding oxygen

deoxy- low pH, more ions therefore tetramers are influenced favoring oxygen releasing
Term
34. 2 states of lac operon
Definition
on- lactose not present therefore nothing to grab to except for dna

off- lactose present therefore lac operon is hugging lactose and leaving dna open thus off
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