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BI 111
Final Exam
337
Biology
Undergraduate 1
12/13/2007

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Cell Theory
Definition

(1) all organisms are composed of one or more cells

(2) cells are the smallest living hting

(3) cells arise from previously living organisms 

Term

All Cells Have...

 

Definition

(1) Plasma membrane

(2) Centrally located DNA

(3) Ribosomes

(4) Cytosol 

Term

Macromolecules and Monomers:

 

(1) Proteins

(2) Complex Carbs

(3) Lipids and Phospholipids

(4) Cytosol 

Definition

(1) amino acids

2) simple sugars

(3) glycerol + FAS (+ PO4)

(4) nucleotides 

Term
Macromolecules are produced by:
Definition
Dehydration Synthesis
Term
Macromolecules are broken down by:
Definition
Hydrolysis
Term
Monomers are composed of ____ bonded atoms
Definition
Covalently
Term
An element's identity is determined by the # of:
Definition
Protons
Term
An acid increases the amount of ____ thereby _____ the pH
Definition
[H+] .... decreasing
Term
The core of a biological molecule is made up of
Definition
Chanis of C's with H's
Term
Peptide
Definition
Chain of amino acids
Term
Polypeptide
Definition
String of lots of amino acids binded together (significantly more than peptides)
Term
Protein
Definition
1 or more peptides or polypeptides that are functional
Term
Primary Structure of Proteins[image]
Definition
The specific amino acid sequence of a protein
Term

Secondary Protein Structure

 

 

[image]

Definition
Groups of main chain make H-bonds and fold up=pleated sheet
Term

Tertiary Protein Structure

 

[image]

Definition
Hydrophobic exclusion from H20 forces the protein w/ various folds up tightly
Term

Quaternary Protein Structure

 

[image]

Definition
2 or more polypeptide (tertiaries) are linked together to make a fully functional protein
Term
Protein Functions
Definition

(1) Catalysts-enzymes

(2) Defense-recognize foreign molecules

(3) Transport- transport small molecules and ions

(4) Support- structural support in cells

(5) Motion- moving materials in cells

(4) Regulations- intercellular messengers 

Term
Nitrogenous Base Pairings for DNA
Definition

A and T

G and C 

 

Term
Nitrogenous Base Pairings for RNA
Definition

A and U

G and C 

Term
ATP
Definition
Energy currency of the cell
Term
Phospholipid Bilayer
Definition

Core of biological membranes

Made of glycerol, fatty acids, and phosphate

Hydrophobic middle prevents water/polar molecules from entering 

 

Term

C:H:O ratio

 

Definition
1:2:1
Term
Monosaccharides
Definition

-Simplest sugars

-most common have 6 sugars

 

Term
Disaccharides
Definition
-two monosaccharides held together by a covalent bond
Term
Polysaccharide
Definition

-macromolecules made of monosaccharide subunits

-starch and cellulose 

Term
Cell Wall
Definition

-Protists, Fungi, Plants, Prokaryotes

-Protection and Support

-Made of fibers of cellulose 

Term
Fundamental Properties of Life
Definition

(1) Cellular Organization

(2) Sensitivity

(3) Growth

(4) Development

(5) Reproduction

(6) Regulation

(7) Homeostasis 

Term
Cellular Organization
Definition
All organisms consist of one or more cell-complex, organized assembleges of molecules enclosed w/in a membrane
Term
Sensitivity (FPL)
Definition
All organisms respond to stimuli although not always in the same way.
Term
Growth (FPL)
Definition
All living organisms assimilate energy and use it to maintain order and grow-Called metabolism
Term
Development (FPL)
Definition
All organisms undergo systematic, gene-directed changes as they grow and mature
Term
Reproduction (FPL)
Definition
All living things reproduce, passing on individuals from one generation to the next
Term
Regulation (FPL)
Definition
All organisms have regulatory mechanisms that coordinate internal processes
Term
Homeostasis (FPL)
Definition
All living things maintain relatively constant internal conditions, different from their environment
Term
Prokaryote Cell Characteristics
Definition

-Cell wall composed of peptidoglycan

-Flagella used for movement

-Ribosomes

-no membrane bound organelles

-simple circle of DNA 

Term
Chromosomes
Definition
DNA carrying genetic information is tightly wound around proteins and packaged into compact units
Term
Cytoskeleton
Definition
An internal structural protein scaffold which supports all eukaryotic cells
Term
Nucleolus
Definition
Term
Chromatin
Definition

-DNA complexed with proteins

-Thread-like strands of DNA during division 

Term
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Definition

-Bonds monomers to make lipids and carbs

-Makes proteins

-Rough ER and Smooth ER 

Term
Rough ER
Definition

-Manufatures proteins for export

-Studded with ribosomes

-Synthesize proteins on surface and export from the cell by being sent to vacuole, lysosome, or embedded in membrane

Term
Smooth ER
Definition

-Makes lipids 

-Little to no ribosomes

-Embedded with enzymes which catalyze the synthesis of lipids 

Term
Golgi Apparatus
Definition
-Packs and distributes molecules synthesized in other areas of the cell
Term
Ribosomes
Definition

-Made up of rRNA

-serve as sites of protein synthesis by translating mRNA 

Term
Lysosome
Definition
-Hold products modified by the Golgi
Term
Microbodies
Definition
Bud off the ER instead of the golgis but have products of ER in membrane
Term
Mitochondria
Definition

-Double membrane

-Own DNA

-Powerhouse - makes ATP

Term
Chloroplast
Definition

-Own DNA

-Double Membrane

-Photosynthesize 

Term

Actin Filament

Definition

-Thinnets

-Labile

-Very easy to break down and rebuild 

Term
Intermediate Filament
Definition

-Most Stable

-Generally isn't broken down

-3 dimensional to keep structures in place 

Term

Microtubule

 

Definition

-Largest

-Hollow

-Important for transport

-V. hard to break down and rebuild 

Term
Phospholipid Bilayer
Definition

-Two layers of of phospholipids with hydrophobic end on the inside

-Impedes the passage of water soluble molecules 

Term
Membrane Proteins
Definition

(1) Transporters-allow only certain substances to enter/leave

(2)Enzymes-carry out many chemical reactions on the interior surface of the plasma membrane

(3) Cell Surface Receptors- detect chemical messages with receptor proteins on surface

(4) Identity Markers- identify to other cells

(5) Adhesion - Glue themselves to another cell

(6) Anchor membrane to cytoskeleton 

Term
Simple Diffusion
Definition

-Through the Phospholipid Bilayer

-Small, nonpolar molecules and ions diffuse freely through hydrated channels in proteins 

Term
Facillitated Diffusion
Definition

-Transports solutes like sugar and amino acids

-Transport in either direction depending on concentration gradient

-If more conc. outside then protein moves solute inside cell

-Physically binds solute to one side of protein and releases on other end 

Term
Osmosis
Definition

-Transport of Water

-Hyperosmotic: more concentrated

-Hypoosmotic: Less concentrated 

Term
Active Transport
Definition

-Requires energy (ATP)

-Protein is fueled by ATP and the shape changes to allow a proton to pass through 

Term
Gap Junction
Definition

A protein binds to another protein and makes a channel to the other side

-Direct communication and very efficient 

Term
Effect of Temp on Enzymes
Definition
as temperature increases, rate increases until optimum temperature, after that enzyme is denatured and no longer works
Term
Competitive Inhibitor
Definition
competes with substrate for the active site
Term
Noncompetitive Inhibitor
Definition
Binds to another location on the enzyme and changes the active site
Term
Glycolysis
Definition

-Part of Aerobic Respiration

-Takes place in cytoplasm 

-Input: Glucose, 2 ATP, 4 ADP, 2 P, 2 NAD 

-Output: 2 ATP, 2 Pyruvate

-Enzymes are catalysts 

Term
Pyruvate Oxidation
Definition

-Occurs in Mitochondria

-Input: 2 Pyruvate, 2 NAD,

-Output: Acetyl CoA, CO2, NADH

 

Term
Acetyl-CoA
Definition
-Coenzyme which aids in enzyme reactions by orienting the substrate, Produced in Pyruvate Oxidation
Term
Krebs Cycle
Definition

-In mitochondria

-Input: Acetyl-CoA, 2 CO2

-Output: 2 CO2, 4 carbons, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 2 ATP, and many electrons 

Term
Electron Transport Chain
Definition

-NADH transfers electrons to a series of electron carriers that extract the energy and use it to pump hydrogens across the membrane. ATP synthase then uses the energy of the falling hydrogens to make ATP

-Input: NADH and electrons

-Output: Lots of ATP 

Term
Substrate Phosphorolation
Definition
ATP is formed by transfering a phosphate group directly to ADP from a phosphate bearing intermediate
Term
Chemiosmosis
Definition
Passage of high energy along the ETC which is coupled with the pumping of protons across a membrane and the return through ATP synthase which drives the production of ATP
Term
Photosynthesis
Definition

6 CO2 + 12 H2O + energy -> C6H1206 + 6CO2 + 6 H2O

-Light dependent reaction

-Produce ATP and NADPH

-Goes through calvin cycle  

- Reduces Carbon Dioxide

-Occurs in the chloroplasts 

Term
Thylakoid
Definition

Internal membrane of plants stacked in columns called "granum" which house photosynthetic pigments which capture light energy and store machinery for making ATP 

Term
Stroma
Definition
-Surrounds thylakoids and houses enzymes needed to assemble organic molecules from CO2 using energy from ATP and NADH
Term
Photosystem
Definition
Photosynthetic pigments clustered together in the membranes of thylakoids
Term
Chlorophyll A
Definition
Abosorbs enough energy to emit electrons
Term
Cartenoids
Definition
class of pigments that tend to absorb lots of blue and various level of yellow and red
Term
Cyclic Phosphorolation
Definition
Photons bounce around through pigments until reaching reaction center which emits an electron. The emitted electron then is transferred to give off energy to make ATP and returns.
Term
Noncyclic Phosphorolation
Definition

An electron is emitted and never comes back but moves to a second system because it needs to fill the hole. The emitted electron reduces NAD.

-Lost electrons are replenished by splitting water

-NADPH is the electron accepter 

Term
Calvin Cycle
Definition

-Light independent reactions

-Carbon is fixed

-occurs in stroma

-5 carbon sugar is carboxylated to forma 3-carbon compound via rubisco activity 

-Makes glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate that is converted to fructose and glucose which combine to make sucrose 

Term
Fates of Glucose
Definition

-Conversion of fructose to glucose

-enter into glycolysis

-formation of transport disaccharides

-formation of starches

-other biosynthesises 

Term
Rubisco
Definition

-acts as an oxidizer and interferes with the calvin cycle

 -If CO2 present it binds to make glucose, if O2 is present it binds 

Term
Photorespiration
Definition

-O2 is incorporated into RuBP, which undergoes additional reactions that release CO2

-No energy is harnessed!!!!! 

Term
Cell Division in Prokaryotes
Definition

-2 identical daughter cells

-enzyme breaks H bonds between nitrogenous bases and as strands fall apart enzymes come in with new nucleotides and assemble complementary strands 

Term
Haploid
Definition
One complete set of c'somes "n"
Term
Diploid
Definition

-2(n)

-twice the number of haploid due to contribution from mom and dad 

Term
Homologous
Definition
Maternal and paternal C'somes
Term
Chromatids
Definition

An identical strand of DNA which shares a centromere with another chromatid after replication

-can be a single or double chromatid chromosome 

Term
G1
Definition

Cell expands and makes structures and molecules

-Single chromatid present 

Term
S-Synthesis
Definition
-DNA replicates
Term
G2
Definition

-2nd growth phase

-Prepares for genome separation

-Organelles are duplicated

-Enzymes are made to help with process

 

Term
Mitosis
Definition

(1) Interphase

(2) Prophase

(3) Metaphase

(4) Anaphase

(5) Telophase 

Term
Prophase
Definition

-DNA condenses

-Assembling of microtubules lead by centrioles

-Nuclear membrane breaks down 

Term
Metaphase
Definition
-Chromosomes align on cell equator held by spindle fibers
Term
Anaphase
Definition
-Microtubules pull apart sister chromatids
Term

Telophase

 

Definition

-Cell elongates

-Nuclear membrane reforms

-c'somes decondense

-centrioles and microtubules disappear 

Term

Controls at

1) G1/S

(2) G2/M

(3) Spindle 

Definition

(1) cell decides whether or not to divide based on growth factors and nutritional state and genome being intact

(2) asses DNA replication if bad it doesn't go

(3) ensures all c'somes are attached before anaphase 

Term
Meiosis
Definition

(1)Prophase 1

(2) Metaphase 1

(3) Anaphase 1

(4) Telophase 1

(5) Prophase 2

(6) Metaphase 2

(7) Anaphase 2

(8) Telophase 2 

Term
Prophase 1
Definition

-DNA condenses

-Homologous c'somes become closely associated

-crossing over occurs and DNA segments are exchanged 

Term
Telophase 1
Definition
-end with double chromatid c'somes
Term
Prophase 2
Definition

-Nuclear membrane breaks down

-Spindles form 

Term
Metaphase 2
Definition
-C'somes align down middle
Term
Anaphase 2
Definition
Sister Chromatids are pulled apart
Term
Telophase 2
Definition

-Nuclear membrane reforms

-4 different haploid cells

-no two cells are the same because of crossing over 

Term
Alleles
Definition
One of two or more alternative states of a gene
Term
Genes
Definition

-composed of a particular DNA sequence

- 2 alleles 

Term
True Breeding
Definition
Same alleles=dominate
Term
Test Cross
Definition

Mating between a phenotypically dominant individual of unknown genotype and a homozygous "tester" done to determine if the individual is homozygous or heterozygous

-If homozygous they will alll show the dominant allele

 -If heterozygous both will show

Term
Multiple Alleles
Definition

More than 2 alleles

-Codominate  

Term
Codominate
Definition

Each allele has it's own affect and no single allele is dominant

-the effects of both alleles are seen 

Term
Pleiotropy
Definition

-Allele has more than one affect on phenotype

-Allele can be dominate for one thing and recessive for another

ex: Y allele is dominant for black hair and recessive for abnormal fetal development 

Term
Epistasis
Definition

-Phenotype is controlled by two genes

-Mouse coat colors are controlled by a gene for pigment and a gene for banding 

Term
Incomplete Dominance
Definition

-Heterozygote is different from both homozygotes

-both alleles are different in how they are expressed

-Ex: white spotting in cat coat color, two alleles S and s. 

-SS = white on more than half of body

-Ss =less than half are white

ss= no white at all 

Term
Environmental Effects on Phenotype
Definition

-When hot, pigments aren't deposited and coat is white

-When cold, pigments are deposited and cats are black  

Term
Polygenic Traits
Definition

-Multiple genes involved in what the trait looks like

-continuous variation because the gradation in degree of difference between phenotype and genotype

Term
Sex-linked
Definition

-Trait determined by a gene on the x chromosome 

Term
Linked Genes
Definition

- Inherited (and carried) together on the same c'some

-Loci near to eachother are less likely to be separated by crossing over

 

Term
Central Dogma of Gene Expression
Definition

-Info passes from genes to an RNA copy and hte RNA copy directs the sequential assembly of a chain of amino acids

-DNA goes through transcription to form RNA which goes through translation to make a protein 

Term
rRNA
Definition

-ribosomal RNA

-Provides site where polypeptides are assembled 

Term
tRNA
Definition
-transport and positions amino acids to ribosomes for use in building polypeptides
Term
mRNA
Definition
-Transcribed from DNA and travel to the ribosomes to direct precisely which amino acids are assembled
Term
Transcription
Definition

-Transfer of DNA to RNA

-RNA polymerase binds to a promoter binding site located at the beginning of a gene and moves along the strand adding G, C, A and U to the chain until hitting a stop signal 

-In prokaryotes a ribosome binds to mRNA as soon as its spit out

-In Euks a series of enzymes come in and recognize non-coding areas and then splice together coding areas to make mature RNA 

Term
Translation
Definition

-Information in transcribed mRNA is used to direct production of amino acids

-nucleotide squence of mRNA transcript is translated into amino acids in the polypeptide

-rRNA binds to "start" sequence on mRNA and it is assembled three peptides at a time 

Term
Codons
Definition

-set of 3 nucleotides which codes for a specific amino acid

-amino acids can have more than one codon

 

Term
Control of Gene Expression
Definition

-Not all genes are expressed at the same time because every cell has identical DNA and they have to be able to turn off some traits so that they can function differently.

-Allows organisms to direct development, respond to changes, maintain homeostasis 

Term
Introns vs. Exons
Definition
Introns are non coding pieces of mRNA and exons are coding
Term
Direct Alteration of Genes
Definition
-Conjugation/free DNA
Term
Reciprocal Recombination
Definition

-During crossing over in prophase 1

-Mistakes in pairing due to several copies o f asequence existing in diff location on a c'some

- one c'some has extra and the other has not enough 

Term
Translocation
Definition
-a break occurs and enzymes coming in to fix it mis-match the pieces
Term
Polyploidy
Definition

-Tetraploid

-Has 4 sets instead of 2

-end with extra sets of c'somes

-tetras and diploids cannot mate 

Term
Inversions
Definition

-occur between homologous c'somes

-A break and before repair the segment flips and as a result crossing over doesn't occur right and there is extra on some and missing parts on others

Term
Physical Mutagen
Definition

-ionizing radiation

-Gamma and X-rays induce loss of electrons in molecules that can absorb their waves

-creates free radicals

-breaks DNA and changes bases 

Term
Chemical Mutagens
Definition

-nucleoside analogs which mimic DNA nucleotides and pair incorrectly with DNA strand

 

Term
The first earthinlings were probably...
Definition
Anaerobic Prokaryotes
Term
The theory of endosymbiosis includes the hypothesis that mitochondria are descendents of __ evolved symbiotic relationships with larger cells
Definition
Aerobic prokaryotes
Term
Most scientists hypothesize that Earth's first atmosphere had relatively low ___ concentrations
Definition
oxygen
Term
The prokaryotic ancestor of all eukaryotes was probably a type of ____
Definition
archaea
Term
The eukaryotic ancestor of all metazoans was probably a type of ____
Definition
protist
Term
the theory of endosymbiosis includes the hypothesis that chloroplasts are descendents of ___ that evolved symbiotic relationships with larger cells
Definition
eubacteria
Term
Evolutionary theory is based on the observation that ___ evolve
Definition
populations
Term
The observation that only a fraction of individuals within a population reproduce is a postulate in the theory of ___
Definition
Natural Selection
Term
The observation that similar species are closely related is an integral postulate in the theory of ___
Definition
Descent with modification
Term
Population growth is limited by natural enemies and resource availability. This is the theory of ____
Definition
Natural Selection
Term
The idea that all species share a common ancestry is an integral postulate in the theory of ____
Definition
Descent with Modification
Term
The __ states that allele frequencies will remain constant in large, randomly mating, isolated, mutation and natural selection-free populations
Definition
Hardy-Weinberg Principle
Term
Sexual reproduction is believed to have been important i the persistence of eukaryotic lineages because it ___
Definition
rapidly generates new variants
Term
Assortative mating tends to ___ homozygosity
Definition
increase
Term
Over many thousands of generations a high degree of inbreeding will tend to ___ the frequency of lethal double recessive combinations in a population 
Definition
increase
Term
Killer whales eat sea otters which eat sea urchins which eat kelp. Killer whales indirectly ___ kelp production
Definition
decrease
Term
The potential for natural selection to act on a trait increases with a ____ in heterozygosity
Definition
increase
Term
Recent evidence suggests that male red squirrels that spend a lot of time stealing from other males have relatively high fitness. Assuming that fod pilfering is a heritable behavior, it evolved via __
Definition
Natural selection
Term
In most populations ___ accounts for most non-adaptive evolutionary change
Definition
genetic drift
Term
A coconut drifts to a distant island, sprouts and grows to maturity. The coconut palm gene pool on the island changed as a result of ____
Definition
gene flow/ migration
Term
Adaptive evolutionary change results from ___
Definition
Natural selection
Term
Cheetah genotypes are remarkably similar to each other. This is believed to have resulted from a major reduction in their numbers through global climate change-related mortality 10,000 years ago. The close genetic similarity of modern cheetahs is evidence
Definition
genetic bottleneck
Term
Female Bolitotherus cornutus beetles prefer males that build and defend relatively large shelf fungus "stages." THis is an example of ___.
Definition
Inter-sexual selection
Term
A small group of individuals that form a population after becoming reproductively isolated from their main population can evolve relatively rapidly as a result of what is called a ___
Definition
founder effect
Term
Horns and antlers used in male-male combat evolve via ____
Definition
intra-sexual selection
Term
___ operates to eliminate intermediate phenotypes and thus can promote sympatric speciation.
Definition
Disruptive selection
Term
Coelacanths have a very long evolutionary history featuring very little morphological change. Strong ___ has acted on them
Definition
Stabalizing selection
Term
Many fish populations have shown a decrease in average size as a result of commercial fishing pressure. Thus, fishing can exert ___ on fish populations
Definition
directional selection
Term
In california, the valley oak and the scrub oak can produce fully fertile hybrids but rarely do, due to the distinctly different moisture and terrain characterisitcs in which each most commonly grows. Which isolating mechanism is responsible for maintaini
Definition
Ecological Isolation
Term
The lettuce species rarely hybridize because their breding periods rarely overlap. Which isolating mechanism is at play?
Definition
Temporal isolation
Term
Mating rituals among blue-footed boobies are important in maintaining species distinctiveness, providing us with an excellent examlple of __
Definition
Behavioral Isolation
Term
Closely related insect species rarely hybridize due to morphological differences in sexual organs, providing us with an excellent example of ___
Definition
Mechanical isolation
Term
By most measures of health, disease resistance and longevity, mules are commonly more successful phenotype/environment matches than their horse fathers and donkey mothers. Unfortunately for them however, ____ will forever dash their dreams of equine domin
Definition
Prevention of gamete fusion
Term
Sphinx moths and hummingbirds use hovering flight and tubular feeding structures to nectar feed. Their feeding and flying structures and their flying behaviors are evidence of ____
Definition
Convergence
Term
Top predators can indirectly influence the primary prodution base of an ecosystem through a process called ___.
Definition
Trophic cascade
Term
Rotifer mothers can give birth to daughters that are genetically identical to them, but have very different forms due to ___ in the development of certain morphological traits
Definition
Phenotypic plasticity
Term
It is estimated that about half of approximately 260,000 plant species evolved from the hybridization of two distinct species. This type of speciation is called ___
Definition
allopolyploidy
Term
Bananas have a triploid c'somal condition. Reduced and unreduced gametes are fused to produce commercial banana plants. Thus, commercial bananas are teh product of ___
Definition
autopolyploidy
Term
A large pup fish pop. is split into discrete subpopulations by habitat drying. These groups remain isolated for thousands of generations. They are now recognized as distinct species produced by ___ speciation
Definition
allopatric speciation
Term
The formation of barr bodies in the cells of women is an example of ___
Definition
Dosage compensation
Term
Marsupial mammals became isolated as the australian and south american land masses separated in a process called continental drift. Thus, the divergence of marsupials resulted from a ___ event
Definition
vicariance
Term
Many marsupials have placental mammal ecological counterparts. For example P. Norf, the squirrel glider, is very similar in appearance and behavior to the flying squirrels that we have in the UP. These similar traits evolved independently and thus are exa
Definition
convergence
Term
The rare red color form of a mayfly was overlooked by a trout that fed heavily on hte common brown form. The red mayfly genotype became more prevalent as a result of ___
Definition
Negative frequency dependent selection
Term
H. erato and H. melpomene are toxic to birds. THese butterflies advertise their toxicity with nearly identical wing colors and markings, which vary from region to region. IN places where regional variants overlap, an occasional variant occurs that does no
Definition
positive frequency dependent selection
Term
Plants use __ of hte solar energy that they are exposed to ___
Definition
0.1-5%
Term
Phytoplankton cells require approx 106:16:1 of ____
Definition
C:N:P
Term
The majority of liquid freshwater occurs in ____
Definition
Aquifers
Term
Darwin and ___ coauthered the 1858 paper "...."
Definition
Wallace
Term
New phosphorus enters ecosystems through ___
Definition
weathering
Term
Phosphorus rapidly recycles within ecosystems through ____
Definition
decomposition
Term
The major global pool of carbon is found in __
Definition
rocks
Term
The most abundent gas in the atmosphere is __
Definition
nitrogen
Term
Large amounts of this important greenhouse gas are produced by anaerobic microbe metabolism in cow rumens
Definition
CH4
Term
Which part of the N cycle can you accomplish?
Definition
urination-amonification
Term
Which line represents the prey population?
Definition
A
Term
Did the predators cause the decline in prey population?
Definition
no because there is no lag time effect
Term
Acacia plants are protected by Pseudo...ants. In return, acacia plants provide food and shelter to the ants. Their relationships is an example of ____
Definition
Mutualism
Term
The first plants to colonize freshly disturbed habitats typically exhibit ___
Definition
R selectedlife history adaptations
Term
Autotrophs use what forms of nutrients to produce what?
Definition
Inorganic to make organic
Term
Most denitrification occurs in ___
Definition
wetland sediments
Term
The end product of denitrification is
Definition
N2
Term
Individuals in most populations have a ___ distribution
Definition
clumped
Term
Polar bears have a few large cubs. Their reproductive biology is typical of ___ selected life histories
Definition
K
Term
Polar bear cubs have relatively low mortality rates, which is typical of type ___ selected life histories
Definition
K
Term
Offspring numbers typically ___ with increasing competition
Definition
decrease
Term
C. Stellatas and S. balanoides are barnacle species that occur in sympatry along rocky coastal habitat. CS occupies shallow water while SB is found deeper. When SB is removed, CS occupies both zones. Shallow zones represent the ___
Definition
realized niche
Term
Algae use carbonic anhydrase to convert bicarbonate to
Definition
CO2
Term
Species A and B explit the same habitat and food resources. The figure is consisstent with the principle of
Definition
Competitive exclusion
Term
Which habitat type is likely to support the greatest species richness?
Definition
Habitat type B because of intermediate life history
Term
Which habitat type is likely to select for R-selected life history adaptation?
Definition
Habitat type A
Term
A dog drools when he hears an electric can opener, thus providing a student of animal behavior with an example of ___
Definition
classical conditioning
Term
The similar appearance of many venomous insect species provides an example of )))
Definition
Mullerian mimicry
Term
Reproductive successes in the song sparrow decreases as population size increases. This is an example of ____
Definition
Density dependent effect
Term
The keystone predator concept predicts that
Definition
the coexistence of multiple species competing for a shared resource can be facilitated by the activities of a shared natural enemy
Term
If the resources are limited with the population growth it is an example of the
Definition
bottom up effect
Term
 Microevolution
Definition

-small change in a species

 -change within a population

Term
Macroevolution
Definition
-large scale change in lineage
Term
Eukaryotic Diversification
Definition

- 4 phenomena critical to evolution of eukaryotes and diversification of eukaryotes 

(1) Endosymbiosys

(2) Colonial Organization

(3) Multicellularity

(4) Sexual Reproduction 

Term
Endosymbiosis
Definition

-eukaryotic plan is a combination of organisms coming together

-mitochondria, flagella, chloroplasts

-Archaebacteria which help do respiration where swallowed 

Term
Colonial Organization
Definition

-huge organisms (multicellular) may have come from colonialization

-functional division of labor among somatic cells

-tissue level organization 

Term
Multicellularity
Definition
-move from single cell to multicell
Term
Sexual Reproduction
Definition

-gives the advantage of diversity by rapidly developing new life and variance

-gets rid of lethal double recessives and fixes mutations 

Term
Buffon
Definition

-Species change over generations

-Earth is very old 

Term
Erasmus Darwin
Definition

-plants preceded animals

-all organic life has the same origin 

Term
Lamarck
Definition

-organisms arise spontaneously and change over time

-inheritance of aqcuired characteristics

-wrote first book on evolution 

Term
Charles Darwin
Definition
-wrote 1842 "sketch" that became Origin
Term
Alfred Russel Wallace
Definition

-sent paper to Darwin

-came up with same idea as Darwin and the two converged 

Term
Descent with modification postulates
Definition

(1) All species share a common ancestry

(2) each species arose from another that preceded it in time

(3) each species originated in a single geographic location

(4) similar species are closely related (relatively recent divergence)

(5) extinction is permanent 

Term
Natural Selection
Definition

(1) Populations have the tendency and potential for unlimited growth

(2) The conditions of life are limited

(3)The environment is constantly changing

(4) Only a fraction of individuals reproduce

(5) Traits vary and can be heritable

(6) Life activities determine the success of variants

(7) Successful variants produce more offspring

(8) Natural Selection results in the accumulation of favorable variations and the loss of unfavorable variations 

Term
Conditions for Natural Selection
Definition

(1) Variation in trait

(2) heritable

(3) advantagous

(4) mating opportunities 

Term
Agents of Evolutionary Change
Definition

(1) Natural Selection

(2) Mutation

(3) Migration

(4) Nonrandom Mating

(5) Genetic Drift 

Term
Natural Selection as Evolutionary Change
Definition

-adaptive change

-phenotypes are selected for 

Term
Polymorphisms
Definition

-Loci with more variation than can be explained by mutation

-Frequency is >5%  

Term
Polygenic
Definition
More than one gene involved
Term
Phenotypic Plasticity
Definition
-change based on environment they are immediately experiencing
Term
Directional selection
Definition

-change in the median value of a trait

-the average gets higher or lower 

Term
Stabilizing Selection
Definition

-changes the distribution

-stabalizes median value

-minimizes small and big so that most have medium trait 

Term
Disruptive Selection
Definition

-moving away from the median trait

-disrupting the median so there is no middle but only the extremes 

Term
Frequency Dependent Selection
Definition
-polymorphism is rare and can be either better or worse of
Term
Negative Frequency Dependent Selection
Definition
The common form does worse then the rare form
Term
Positive Frequency Dependent Selection
Definition
When the rare form does worse than the common form
Term
Mutation
Definition

-most mutations are harmful in the environment that the organism is experiencing

-exception: albinism

-must be in germ line tissuesto be heritable 

Term
Gene Flow/ Migration
Definition
-inter-population movement of individuals, gametes
Term

Nonrandom Mating

Assortative vs. Disassortative 

Definition

Assortative: like with like

Disassortative: opposites attract 

Term

Sexual Selection

Intersexual vs. Intrasexual 

Definition

Intersexual: females choose males based on good genes

Intrasexual: male to male combat where mating is controlled by dominant male or by displacing dominant male 

Term
Genetic Drift
Definition

-random loss of alleles

-can drift to fixation or loss randomly

-more important in small populations becuase the chance of a complete loss of an allele is higher 

Term
Genetic Bottleneck
Definition

-Type of genetic drift

-reduction of population to a small, random sample due to some sort of catastrophe 

Term
Founder Effects
Definition

-migratory populations

-moving to geographically isolated area so that now there is a sample of the population from the homeland  

Term
Hardy-Weinberg Principle
Definition

-Large, randomly mating, isolated, mutation and natural selection-free population

-all of this results in no change in allele frequency 

Term
Morphological Species
Definition

-percievable difference

-it looks different and is an arguably different species 

Term
Biological Species concept
Definition

-a group of interbreeding individuals

-reproductive isolation precedes divergence 

Term

Morphological Divergence

 

Definition
-differences are result of the liniages diverging from a common ancestor
Term
Alllopatric Speciation
Definition

-"other"

-Species can form when populations split and become isolated geographically 

-widespread, long periods of time 

Term
Vicariance
Definition

-large scale movements of populations

-a start to divergence 

Term
Sympatric Speciation
Definition

-speciation without geographic isolation

-reproductive barriers arise within populations

-"same place" 

Term
Ecological Isolation
Definition

-isolation based on environment and ecological surroundings

-preference of breeding habitat or general habitat rarifies mixed breeding 

Term
Behavioral Isolation
Definition
-behavioral practices which call for a the same species mate
Term
Temporal Isolation
Definition

-separated by time periods

-can be for mating, spawing, etc 

Term
Mechanical Isolation
Definition
-the sexual organs are specific to the species
Term
Prevention of Gamete fusion
Definition
- egg has a chemical coating that is repllent or attractive based on species
Term
Post-zygotic Isolation
Definition

-event does not produce another generation

-because hybrid is apparent to enemies  or becuase c'some pairing fails as a result of unmatched number of c'somes

Term
Polyploidy
Definition

- reduction division failure of diploid gamete 

-instand speciation

-cannot breed back in

-important in evolution of flowering plants 

Term
Allopolyploidy
Definition

-when two species hybridize

-c'somes do not pair right as a result of one set from two different species 

Term
Autopolyploidy
Definition

-all of the c'somes come from one species

-due to an error in meiosis that causes individual to have four sets of c'somes 

-less common 

Term
Adaptive Radiation
Definition

-speciation event produced by multiple speciation events in a short period of time

-one event lead to a cluster of species

-colonization leads to establishment in another place where the new niches were open for the organism to fit into 

Term
Eutrophication
Definition

-system is more nutrient rich

-reduction of oxygen in the bottom of the lake 

Term
Character Displacement
Definition
-the need to minimize competition for available resources with other species
Term
Red Field Ratio
Definition

106:16:1

C:N:P 

Term
0.9% of freshwater is
Definition
Lakes, Streams and Rivers
Term

1.7% of total water and  68.7% of freshwater comes from

Definition
icebergs
Term
Evapotranspiration
Definition

-water moves through plants and evaporates off of plant surfaces

-10%atm water 

Term
Aquifers
Definition

-water bearing rock and rock material

 

Term
Unconfined Vs. Confined
Definition

Unconfined: flow is unconfined and can be tapped into by a plant root or it goes to streams

Confined: Confined by a layer of impervious Silt which is only tapped by humans for well water 

Term
Igneous Rock
Definition
-formed from molten state and is new rock
Term
Sedimentary rock
Definition
-break up of lg rock and gravity allows it to settle an produce more rock
Term
Metamorphic Rock
Definition
-made of sedimentary, igneous or both and when under extreme pressure forms new rock
Term
Limestone
Definition
-contains nutrients from past life forms
Term
Pre Event Water
Definition

-water from rain weeks ago is released during another storm causing a change in level

-the water from the past is being pushed out to make room for new water 

Term
Ecohydrology
Definition

-Combination of ecology and hydrology

-biological consequence of aquifer and stream interactions 

Term
Hyporheic Zone
Definition
-belowe the river where ground water exchanges with stream
Term
Recharge Zone
Definition
- area where aquifer needs to be opened and stream water goes to subterranean space and brings organic material
Term
Discharge Zone
Definition
-ground water wells into stream with inorganic material
Term
Impermeable Surfaces
Definition
-shut off recharge and affect aquifers
Term
Cones of Depression
Definition
-depressing down aquifers
Term
Carbon cycle
Definition

-99.9% from sediments and rocks

-chemical weathering (and oxidation processes) releases the carbon 

-rocks continuously created and destroyed 

Term
Subduction
Definition
-a plate is forced into another plate and the heavier plate goes under the lighter one
Term
Carbonic Anhydrase
Definition

-enzyme which is possessed by algae and some plants

-convert H2CO3 to CO2 for use in reactions

-CO2 takes place at photosynthesis after dark 

Term
Anoxygenic Photosynthesis
Definition

-Photosynthesis without oxygen

-Done by green and purple bacteria

-use H2S as an electron donor 

Term
CH4 (methane)
Definition

-greenhouse gas

-another way of getting energy out of carbon reactoins

-methanogeneis: creation of methane 

Term
Nitrogen Cycle
Definition

-N2 is difficult to bring into the ecosystem but is the most common gas

-During nitrogen fixation N2 is converted into a useable form

 

Term
Biological N Fixation
Definition
-done by nitrogenase which converts N2 to NH4
Term
Heterocysts
Definition

-Only photosystem 1 is functional

-cyclic phosphorylation provides ATP

-no O2 produced

-Still have part of photosynthetic process but only that which generates energy

-isolated from oxygen 

Term
Ammonification
Definition

-done by microbes and many animals

-organic N to NH4

-heterotrophs can ammonify N2 

Term
Nitrofication
Definition

-NH3->NO2->NO3

-Nitrosomonas, nitrobacter 

Term
Denitrification
Definition

-converting NO3 back to N2

-done by many bacteria 

Term

Autotrophs do what with N2?

Heterotrophs do what with N2? 

Definition

Auto: Organic N Synthesis (by primary producers)

Hetero: Ammonification

Term
Haber Process
Definition
-like atmospheric N2 fixation but results like biological nitrogen fixation
Term
N Deposition and Acidification
Definition
-Burning fossil fuels puts N2 into the atm and indirect product is acidifying the environment creating acid rain which acidifies and fertilizes hte soil with NH4
Term
Watershed Function
Definition
-if you alter watershed then massive inputs and thruflow can occur
Term
Phosphorus Cycle
Definition

-weathering is main cause of deposition and liberation of Phosphorus

-Greatest concentration in sedimentary rocks of marine origin

-systems are limited by P 

Term
TCDD
Definition

-toxin that accumulates

-most potent

-agent orange derivitive

-non-nutritive 

Term
Biomagnification
Definition
-Assimilation Efficiency=10% for energy and 100% for nonnutritive toxin
Term
Random Distribution
Definition

-randomly spaced

-very rare 

Term
Uniformly Spaced
Definition
-product of direct interactions based on competition for territory, sunlight, etc,
Term
Clumped Distribution
Definition

-most common

-clumped because resources are clumped or dispersed non-randomly

-habitat requirements

-social groupings

-mating systems 

Term
K
Definition

-death=birth

-The carrying capacity for a population, or the amount the environment can support

Term
R
Definition

-rate of population growth

-weeds and such 

Term

Density Dependent Controls

 

Definition

(1) Resources (bottom up)

(2) Enemies (top down)

(3) crowding effects

-regulate population size and growth rate 

Term
Predicting Future Population Size
Definition

(1) Generation Time- average interval between the birth or an individual and the birth of it's offspring

(2) birth rate and mortality rate (fucundity and mortality)

(3) age-the relative number of individuals in each cohort fines a populatio's age structure

(4) sex ratio- number of births is usually related to the number of females

Term
Type 1 Survivorship
Definition

-K selected adaptations

-intraspecific competition

-humans are type 1

-high degree of potential investment

-low potential of dying

-reproduction around carrying capacity 

Term
Type II Survivorship Curve
Definition

-probability of death is independent of age

-die when something eats it 

Term
Type III Survivorship Curve
Definition

-high probability of early mortality

-r adapted life histories

-rapid population growth

-large number of unprotected offspring  

Term
Semelparity
Definition
-on reproductive bout
Term
Iteroparity
Definition
-return year after year and have more than one reproductive bout
Term
Metapopulation
Definition

-subpopulations w/ partially independent dynamics

-landscape fragmentation

-somewhat isolated with periodic gene flow in between population and species 

-source and sink subpopulations 

Term
Colonization Dynamics
Definition

-rate which determined how quickly populations came back was determined by quality, size, degree of isolation, and resources

Term
Niche Partitioning
Definition

-hints at competition in the past which caused species to split up a niche to survive

-Specializations have occured to end competition resulting in partition

-lowers fitness 

Term
Ecological Niche
Definition
-resources, spatial and temporal
Term
Fundamental Niche
Definition

-The entire niche that a species is capable of using based on its physiological tolerance limites an resource needs

-when the species is alone it is able to occupy this entire niche 

Term
Realized Niche
Definition
-when there is more than one species present and as a result of competition the species specializes to a more specific niche
Term
Gauss Principle
Definition

-No 2 species can share the same niche indefinitely

-there must be niche partitioning or kill off 

Term
Multi-Niche Polymorphism
Definition
-Dividing large amounts of resources resulting in different shapes or differences
Term
When is an action a behavior?
Definition

-when it's a coordinated response to an environmental stiumul

-when it's based on genetics and can evolve 

Term
Nervous and Hormonal Integration
Definition

-a fixed action pattern

-an innate releasing mechanism

- initiated by a sign (key) stimulus 

Term
Nonassociative Learning (aka habituation)
Definition
-habituated to non-harmful overhead things by repeated experience
Term
Associative Learning
Definition
-behavior modified (conditioned) through association
Term
Pavlovian (Classical) Conditioning
Definition
-a stiumulus triggers a response based on experience
Term
Operant Conditioning
Definition
-positive response causes a repeat in behavior and a negative response causes a halt in the behavior
Term
Imprinting
Definition
-time dependent response to sign stimuli
Term
Spatial learning is based on the ____
Definition
hippocampus
Term

Migratory Behavior

Taxis and Kinesis 

Definition

-Taxis=toward or away from targe

-Kinesis=strength of taxis

-only more mature are capable of true navigation 

Term
Eusociality
Definition

-nonreproductive castes

-nearly identical genotypes

-Form of kin selection where males are haploid and females are diploid and all females inherit exactly he same thing from the male parent 

Term
Behavioral Ecology
Definition
The study of how natural selection shapes behavior
Term
Reciprocal Altruism
Definition
-Mutual exchanges of altruistic acts occur because they benefit both participants
Term
Hapoidyploidy
Definition

-Female is diploid and male is haploid so if fertilized by one male then all offspring have the same genetic informatio from the dad

-very common in insect societies 

Term
Human effect on populations
Definition
-have caused the dispersal of many species
Term
Source-Sink Metapopulations
Definition

-a species may exhibit a metapopulation structure in areeas in which some habitats are suitable for long-term population maintainence, wheras others are not

-Populations in better areas continually send out dispersers that bolster the populationsin the poorer habitats (the sinks)

-in the absence of replenishment the population would become extinct 

Term
The Logistic Growth Model
Definition
-As a population approaches it's carrying capacity, it's rate of growth slows greatly because fewer resources remain for each new individual to use
Term
Density Dependent Effects
Definition
-The population increases, either reproductive rates decline or mortality rates increase, or both and this effects population growth rates and cuase behavioral changes
Term
Density Independent Effects
Definition

-the growth rate does not correspond to the logistic growth equation because it is always at any instante limited by something unrelated to the size of the population  (ie. environment and disasters)

Term
Batesian Mimicry
Definition
-One species mimics warning coloration even though it's not venomous/toxic
Term
Mullerian Mimicry
Definition

-Several unrelated but protected specie come to resemble one another.

-All are poisonous/dangerous 

Term
Keystone Species
Definition

-Species that have particularly strong effects on composition of communities

-Prevent one species from outcompeting others thus maintaining high levels of species richness in a community 

Term

Succession

Primary Vs. Secondary 

Definition

-When the climate of an area remains stable year after year, communities have a tendency to change from simple to complex

-Primary: Occurs on bare, lifeless, substrate such as rocks or in open water where oorganisms gradually move into an area and change it's nature

-Secondary: occurs in areas where an existing community has been disturbed but soil still remains to allow the environment to regrow 

Term
Trophic Levels
Definition

(1) Autotroph/Primary Producers: manufacture own food

(2)Heterotroph/Primary Consumers: Herbivores

(3) Secondary Consumers: Carniovres and parasites

(4) Decomposers/Detritivore: Break down the organic matter accumulated in the bodis or other organisms  

Term
Bottom Up vs. Top Down
Definition

-Bottom up:  factor acting at the bottom of food webs may have consequences that ramify to higher trophic levels

-Top Down:  Predators keep the lower trophic levels in check

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