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BEHP5000 Unit 3
Unit 3
56
Psychology
Post-Graduate
10/09/2011

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 

E.L. Thorndike

 

Definition

 

Law of Effect

 

Term

 

Law of Effect

 

Definition

Organisms learn through the consequences of their actions

Term

B.F. Skinner

Definition

Wrote Behavior of Organisms (1938) & Walden Two (1948)

Term

 

B.F. Skinner

 

Definition

Experimental Analysis of Behavior

Term

 

B.F. Skinner

 

 

 

Definition

 

Operant Conditioning -

Operant Chamber/Skinner Box

Term

 

B.F. Skinner

 

 

 

Definition

 

Verbal behavior &

Private Events

Term

 

B.F. Skinner

 

Definition

 

Radical Behaviorism

 

Term

 

Operant Conditioning

 

Definition

 

A-B-C

 

S-R-S

S-R-C

Term

Operant Behavior

Definition

Acts on the environment & results from movements of the skeletal frame (striated muscles

Term

 

Consequence

 

Definition

Stimulus or event that occurs after a response

Term

 

Reinforcement

 

Definition

Environmental change which follows a response and increases or maintains the future frequency of that behavior

Term

Reinforcement

Definition

Consequence reinforces responses not organisms

Term

Reinforcement

Definition

Is a descriptive term and NOT an explanation

Term

 

Reinforcement

 

Definition

Contingency between the response and the consequence must exist

Term

Reinforcement

Definition

Environmental change must occur immediately after the response

Term

 

Punishment

 

Definition

 

Environmental change which follows a response and decreases the future frequency of that behavior

 

Term

 

Positive Reinforcement

 

Definition

An environmental change in which a stimulus is added (presented) or magnified following a response, which increases or maintains the future frequency of that behavior

Term

Positive Reinforcer

Definition

 

A stimulus that when presented following a response increases or maintains the future frequency of that behavior

Includes – tangibles, attention, and activities

Term

Reinforcer Shift

Definition

 

What is reinforcing at one time for an organism may not be reinforcing at other times

(depends on Establishing/Motivating Operations)

Term

Competing Reinforcers

Definition

The value of a reinforcer depends on competing reinforcers that are available for the same behavior and for competing reinforcers

Term

Reinforcers and Effort

Definition

A reinforcer may effectively reinforce one response and not reinforce a different response.  The amount of effort involved in responding is often a determining factor

Term

 

Premack Principle

 

Definition

 If the opportunity to engage in a preferred or high probability behavior is made contingent on engaging in a less preferred behavior, the future frequency of the less preferred behavior will increase

Term

 

Unconditioned Reinforcer

SR+ or SR-

Definition

 

A stimulus that usually is reinforcing without any prior learning, due to phylogenic provenance

Primary Reinforcers – i.e., Food, water, and sexual activity

Term

 

Conditioned Reinforcer

Sr+ or Sr-

Definition

A stimulus that initially has no innate reinforcing properties, but acquires reinforcing properties through pairing with unconditioned reinforcers or strongly conditioned reinforcers

Term

Generalized Conditioned Reinforcers

Definition

A conditioned reinforcer that has been paired with a variety of other reinforcers and which is effective for a wide range of behaviors

Term

Generalized Conditioned Reinforcers

Definition

 

Less susceptible to the effects of deprivation and satiation

Ex – praise, money, tokens

Term

 

Negative Reinforcement

 

Definition

 

An environmental change in which a stimulus is subtracted (removed/attenuated) following a response, which increases or maintains future frequency of that behavior

An irritant/aversive antecedent condition Must exist!

Term

 

Escape

 

Definition

A behavior that terminates an aversive stimulus; thus it is maintained by negative reinforcement

Term

 

Avoidance

 

Definition

Terminates or delays a warning stimulus (a conditioned aversive stimulus whose presence is correlated with the upcoming onset of an unconditioned aversive stimulus)

Term

 

Socially-mediated positive reinforcement

 

 

 

Definition

 

Attn, edibles, tangibles,

 

Access to preferred

activity

Term

 

Socially-mediated negative reinforcement

 

Definition

Escape from task, having to comply with request, setting, people

Term

 

Automatic positive

Reinforcement

Definition

 

Attn, edibles, tangibles,

 

Access to preferred

 

Activity,

Proprioceptive Feedback

Term

 

Automatic negative

Reinforcement

Definition

 

Escape from pain/discomfort,

Escape from task, having to comply with request, setting, people

Term

 

Operant Extinction

 

Definition

The process by which a previously reinforced behavior is weakened by withholding reinforcement

Term

Extinction Burst

Definition

When a behavior is no longer reinforced, it will immediately and temporarily increase in frequency, duration, and intensity before it decreases

Term

 

Extinction of behavior maintained through positive reinforcement

 

Definition

 

The reinforcer is withheld

(not presented)

Term

Extinction of behavior maintained through negative reinforcement

Definition

The aversive antecedent stimulus is NOT withdrawn (not terminated or removed)

Term

Sensory Extinction

Definition

Masking the sensory consequences of the behavior (padding the table for head banging)

Term

 

Extinction

 

Definition

The procedure of non-reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior

Term

 

Spontaneous Recovery

 

Definition

The process in which, when an operant behavior has ceased following extinction, the behavior may reoccur at a later time n the same circumstances in which it was previously reinforced

Term

 

Automaticity of

Reinforcement

Definition

Reinforcement works without any need for verbal-mediation

Term

 

Automaticity of

 

Reinforcement

 

Definition

We cannot refer to hypothetical constructs such as expectancy, understanding, knowing, and awareness

Term

 

Punishment

 

Definition

An environmental change that follows a response which decreases the future frequency of that behavior

Term

 

Positive Punishment

 

Definition

 

An environmental change in which a stimulus is added (presented) or magnified following a response, which decreases the future frequency of that behavior

 

Term

 

Positive Punisher

 

Definition

A stimulus that when presented following a response decreases the future frequency of that behavior

Term

 

Unconditioned Punisher

 

 

 

Definition

A stimulus that usually is punishing without any prior learning; that is, due to phylogenic provenance

Term

 

Conditioned Punisher

 

Definition

A stimulus that initially has no punishing properties, but acquires them through pairing with unconditioned punishers; that is, due to ontongenic provenance

Term

Negative punishment

Definition

 

An environmental change in which a stimulus is subtracted (withdrawn, removed) or attenuated following a response, which decreases the future frequency of that behavior

(appetitive condition whose removal would be punishing has to exist)

Term

 

Time-out from positive reinforcement

 

Definition

A type of negative punishment procedure in which a response starts a timer; while the time is running; the organism cannot access reinforcers

Term

Recovery from punishment

Definition

The process by which a previously punished behavior is strengthened by withholding punishment

Term

 

Differential Reinforcement

 

Definition

Consists of two operations: reinforcement and extinction (not reinforcing)

Term

Differential Reinforcement

Definition

Reinforce some responses and not reinforcing other responses.  Leads to differentiation

Term

 

Differentiation

 

Definition

If differential reinforcement consists of reinforcing a response when certain stimuli are present and not reinforcing the same response when those stimuli are not present; differential reinforcement leads to differentiation – R-S contingency (different responses

Term

Discrimination

Definition

 

S-R-S contingency that leads to

 

Discrimination

(different simuli)

Term

Shaping

Definition

The differential reinforcement of successive approximations to a target behavior

Term

 

Shaping

 

Definition

 

Leads to differentiation and is used to establish a novel topography or dimension of a behavior

 

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