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Behavioral Sciences Ch. 4 - Cognition, Consciousness and Lan
MCAT
41
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
05/17/2016

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Term
information processing model
Definition
  • thinking requires sensation, encoding, and storage of stimuli
  • stimuli must be analyzed by the brain (rather than responded to automatically) to be useful in decision making
  • Decisions made in one situation can be extrapolated and adjusted to help solve new problems (also called situational modification)
  • problem-solving is dependent not only on the person's cognitive level, but also on the context and complexity of the problem
Term
What are Piaget's four stages of cognitive devlopment?
Definition

sensorimotor

preoperational

concrete operational

formal operational

Term
schema
Definition
organized patterns of behavior and thought
Term
assimilation
Definition
the process of classifying new information into existing schemata
Term
accommodation
Definition
the process by which existing schemata are modified to encompass this new information
Term
sensorimotor stage
Definition

1st stage in Piaget's

  • child learns to manipulate physical environment to meet needs
  • ages 0 to about 2
  • ends when child develops object permanence
Term
representational thought
Definition
the creation of mental representations of external objects and events
Term
preoperational stage
Definition

2nd stage in Piaget's

  • 2 to 7 years
  • symbolic thinking - the ability to pretend, play make-believe and have an imagination
  • egocentrism - the inability to imagine what another person may think or feel
  • centration - the tendency to focus on only one aspect of a phenomenon
Term
concrete operational stage
Definition

3rd stage of Piaget's

  • 7 to 11 years
  • can consider perspectives of others
  • can engage in logical thought so long as it is with concrete objects or directly available information
Term
formal operational stage
Definition

4th stage of Piaget's

  • starts around 11 years
  • ability to think logically about abstract ideas
  • ability to problem solve
Term
fluid intelligence
Definition
problem-solving skills; peaks in early adulthood, declines with age
Term
crystallized intelligence
Definition
ues of learned skills and knowledge; peaks in middle adulthood, declines with age
Term
mental set
Definition
the tendency to approach similar problems in the same way
Term
functional fixedness
Definition
the inability to consider how to use an object in a nontraditional manner
Term
trial-and-error
Definition
problem solving approach that tries various solutions until one works
Term
algorithms
Definition
type of problem solving that uses a formula or procedure
Term
deductive reasoning
Definition
top-down reasoning; starts from a set of general rules and draws conclusions from the info given
Term
inductive reasoning
Definition
bottom-up reasoning; start with specific instances and creates a theory via generalizations
Term
heuristics
Definition
simplified principles used to make decisions
Term
availability heuristic
Definition
decision making shortcut based on how easily similar instances can be imagined
Term
representativeness heuristic
Definition
categorizing items on the basis of whether they fit the prototypical, stereotypical, or representative image of the category
Term
disconfirmation principle
Definition
throw out a solution that does not work based on evidence from testing it
Term
confirmation bias
Definition
tendency to focus on information that fits an individual's beliefs, while rejecting info that goes against them
Term
intuition
Definition
"gut feeling" regarding a situation that can be attributed to experience with similar situations
Term
What are the four states of conciousness?
Definition
  • Alertness
  • Sleeping
  • Dreaming
  • Altered states of consciousness
Term
stages of sleep
Definition
  • Stage 1 - theta waves, slow wave frequency
  • Stage 2 - theta waves, sleep spindles, K complexes
  • Stages 3 and 4 - slow-wave sleep, low frequency high-voltage delta waves
  • REM - body functions mimic wakefulness, muscles are paralyzed
Term
  • Beta waves
  • Alpha waves
Definition
  • high frequency that occur when alert or thinking
  • slower and occur when awake but relaxing
Term
What are the 3 main dream theories?
Definition
  • activation-synthesis - dreams are widespread, random activation of neural circuitry
  • problem-solving - dreams are a way to solve problems while sleeping
  • cognitive process - dreams are sleeping counterpart to stream of consciousness
Term
dyssomnia
Definition

disorder that makes it difficult to fall asleep, stay asleep, or avoid sleep

  • insomnia
  • narcolepsy
  • sleep apnea
Term
parasomnia
Definition

disorder with abnormal movements during sleep

  • night terrors
  • sleep walking (somnambulism)
Term
What do depressants do?
Definition

reduce nervous system activity, resulting in a sense of relaxation and reduced anxiety

  • alcohol - ↑ GABA activity, ↓ inhibition
  • barbiturates and benzodiazapenes - ↑ GABA activity
Term
stimulants
Definition

cause an increase in arousal of the nervous system, all drugs increase frequency of action potentials

  • amphetamines - ↑ in dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin and ↓ reuptake
  • cocaine - ↓ reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin
  • ecstasy - similar mechanism
Term
mesolimbic pathway
Definition
mediates drug addiction and dopamine is main neurotransmitter
Term
divided attention
Definition
the ability to perform mutliple tasks at the same time
Term
Describe the 5 basic components of language
Definition
  • phonology - the actual sound of speech
  • morphology - the building blocks of words, such as rules for pluralization, past tense, etc.
  • semantics - the meaning of words
  • syntax - the rules dictating word order
  • pragmatics - the changes in language delivery depending on content
Term
nativist theory of language
Definition
describes language acquisition as being innate
Term
learning theory of language
Definition
language acquisition occurs through operant conditioning and reinforcement by parents and caregivers
Term
social interactionist theory of language
Definition
explains language acquisition as being caused by the desire to communicate and interact with others
Term
Whorfian hypothesis
Definition
aka linguistic relativity hypothesis - states that the lens through which we view and interpret the world is created by language
Term
Broca's area
Definition
controls motor function of speech, located in dominant hemisphere of frontal lobe
Term
Wernicke's area
Definition
language comprehension, located in temporal lobe
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