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Details Title: Behavioral Sciences Description: Final Exam Total Flash Cards: 83 Created: 11/15/2003 08:13:48	To study from this set of flash cards, or to create your own your own study flash cards, register HERE. If you are already a registered user, CLICK HERE.
Cards Term Definition of personality Definition Organized combination of attributes, motive, values, and behaviors; Unique to each person; Cross-situational Term Percentage of adult personality that is thought to be genetic Definition 40-50% Term Age for sense of self Definition Around age 2 Term Changes in personality during adolescence Definition Increased contentedness; Decreased unrealistic expectations; Increased sense of self Term Founder of psychodynamics Definition Sigmund Freud Term Definition of psychic determinism Definition All mental and behavioral events are determined by antecedent psychological events (usually conflict); No such things as accidents or coincidence Term Parapraxes of psychic determinism Definition Acts that don't seem to be related to psychological events, but are in actuality; Ex: slips of the tongue, bungled actions, misstatements Term Three topographic mental layers Definition Unconscious; Preconscious; Conscious Term Most accessible mental layer Definition Conscious layer Term Second most easily accessible mental layer Definition Preconscious Term Basic assumption of psychoanalytic theory Definition Personality is predicated on conflict Term Least accessible mental layer Definition Unconscious Term Mental layer containing most of mental life Definition Unconscious Term Methods for revealing the unconscious mental layer Definition Dreams; Parapraxes; Free associations Term Three mental structures of psychoanalytic theory Definition Id; Ego; Superego Term Predominant mental layer of the mental structures Definition Unconscious Term Goals of Id Definition Satisfy need states; Reduce tension; Increase pleasure/reduce pain Term Categories of motives in Id Definition Sexual (life sustaining); Aggressive Term First mental structure present Definition Id Term Goal of Ego Definition Mediate between instinctual impulses and the demands of the external world (adaptive) Term Two components of Superego Definition Ego-ideal (idealistic aspirations); Conscience (morals and values) Term Goals of Superego Definition Block hedonistic impulses to satisfy social conventions and norms Term Psychosexual stages Definition Oral; Anal; Phallic; Latency; Genital Term Age; focus; & psychological characteristics of oral psychosexual stage Definition 0-18 months; Oral pleasure - sucking, biting, chewing; Dependency Term Age; focus; & psychological characteristics of anal psychosexual stage Definition 18-36 months; Anal gratification; Demands for self control Term Age; focus; & psychological characteristics of phallic psychosexual stage Definition 3-5 years; Sexual gratification; Incestuous desires Term Age; focus; & psychological characteristics of latency psychosexual stage Definition 6-11 years; Externalized; Repressed sexual feelings Term Age; focus; & psychological characteristics of genital psychosexual stage Definition Puberty; Sexual gratification; Mature sexual interests Term Two basic defense mechanisms Definition Blocking an impulse (less mature); Redirecting it in some way Term Mental layer of defense mechanisms Definition Unconscious Term Characteristics of psychotic denial Definition Complete denial of external reality. Term Characteristics of projection Definition Attributing one's own unacknowledged feelings to others. Term Characteristics of hypochondriasis Definition Transformation of reproach toward others into first self-reproach and then complaints of pain, somatic illness, and neurasthenia. Term Characteristics of passive-aggressive behavior Definition Aggression toward others expressed indirectly and ineffectively through passivity (usually an omission). Term Characteristics of acting out Definition Direct expression of an unconscious wish or impulse in order to avoid being conscious of the affect or the ideation that accompanies it. Term Characteristics of repression Definition Naivete, memory lapse, or failure to acknowledge input froma selected sense organ. Term Characteristics of displacement Definition Redirection of conflicted feelings toward a relatively less important object than that which aroused the feelings. Term Characteristics of reaction formation Definition Conscious affect or behavior that is diametrically opposed to an unacceptable instinctual impulse. Term Characteristics of intellectualization Definition Thinking about instinctual wishes in formal, bland terms that leave the associated affect unconscious. Term Characteristics of altruism Definition Vicarious but constructive and instinctually gratifying service to others. Term Characteristics of humor as a defense mechanism Definition Overt expression of feelings without individual discomfort or immobilization and without unpleasant effect on others. Term Characteristics of suppression Definition Capacity to hold all components of a conflict in mind and then to potpone action, emotional response, or worrying. Term Characteristics of sublimation Definition Indirect or attenuated expression of instincts without adverse consequences or marked loss of pleasure. Term Psychotic defense mechanisms Definition Denial; Projection Term Immature defense mechanisms Definition Hypochondriasis; Passive-aggressive behavior; Acting out; Repression; Displacement; Reaction formation Term Mature defense mechanisms Definition Intellectualization; Altruism; Humor; Suppression; Sublimation Term Basic assumption of behaviorism Definition Personality is predicated on the influence of the environment. Term Four elements of classical conditioning Definition Unconditioned stimulus; Unconditioned response; Conditioned stimulus; Conditioned response Term Definition of habituation Definition Diminished responsiveness to stimuli that have limited usefulness or significance. (Getting used to noises). Term Definition of sensitization Definition Increased reactions to stimuli of particular importance (mothers recognize their own child's voice over a crowd of children) Term Definition of generalization Definition Getting the conditioned response from stimuli similar to the condtioned stimulus Term Definition of discrimination Definition Ability to detect subtle differences in stimuli Term Definition of extinction Definition Conditioned response is suppressed when conditioned stimulus loses relevance Term Definition of spontaneous recovery Definition Reemergence of the conditioned response to the conditioned stimulus after a pause in stimulation Term Operant conditioning Definition Dependent on the consequences of behaviors Term Positive reinforcement Definition Introduced pleasant stimulus; Increases behavior Term Negative punishment Definition Removal of pleasant stimulus; Decreases behavior Term Positive punishment Definition Introduced aversive stimulus; Decreases behavior Term Negative reinforcement Definition Removal of aversive stimulus; Increases behavior Term Reinforcement Definition Causes behavior to increase Term Punishment Definition Causes behavior to be diminished Term Definition of shaping Definition Successive approximations are reinforced to establish a complex behavior or behavior sequence. Term Definition of extinction Definition Behaviors not reinforced will diminish ... must take care not to intermittently reinforce the response Term Secondary reinforcers Definition Money; Stars on a behavior chart; Praise Term Schedules of reinforcement Definition Continuous; Intermittent Term How are reinforcement schedules defined? Definition Time (interval) or number (ratio) of responses required; Fixed (always the same) or variable (fluctuates) delivery Term Continuous reinforcement Definition Reinforcement occurs every time a behavior occurs; Quick, but not lasting Term Types of intermittent schedules of reinforcement Definition Fixed ratio schedule; Variable ratio schedule; Fixed interval schedule; Variable interval schedule Term Fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement Definition Reinforcement occurs after a set number of behaviors; Very high rate of responding Term Variable ratio schedule of reinforcement Definition Reinforcement occurs after a varying number of behaviors; High rate of responding & very resistent to extinction (think slot machine) Term Fixed interval schedule of reinforcement Definition Reinforcement after a set period of time (monthly payday); Lowest rate of responding (think of studying right before a test) Term Variable interval schedule of reinforcement Definition Reinforcement after a variable amount of time during with the behavior occurs; Slow, steady rate of responding Term Problems with punishment Definition Aversive; Breeds avoidance; Models aggression; Timing (immediate); Only responds to what is wrong (no instruction); Punishment not as enduring as reinforcement Term Ideal strategy for discipline Definition Use positive reinforcement, negative punishment, and positive punishment Term Other names for social learning Definition Vicarious learning; Observational learning; Modeling Term Basic assumption of social learning Definition Behaviors do not have to be directly experienced ... people learn from the behaviors/consequences of others Term Basic assumption of cognitive behaviorism Definition Changing the way people think about certain behaviors will change the behavior. Term Addressed topics in cognitive behaviorism Definition Expectancies; Distortions/Misinterpretation; Self efficacy Term "Big Five" personality descriptors Definition Openness; Conscientiousness; Extroversion; Agreeableness; Neuroticism Term Percentage of personality thought to be environmental Definition 30-40% Term Most healthy of the "Big Five" descriptors Definition Conscientiousness; Agreeableness Term Least healthy of the "Big Five" descriptors Definition Neuroticism Term Age at which a noticeable difference in ADL's is observed; significant difference Definition 65; 75