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Behavioral Neuroscience
Test One Review
89
Science
Undergraduate 3
02/05/2006

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Term
Cations are ions with what kind of electrical charge?
Definition
positive
Term
This portion of a phospholipid contains phosphate
Definition
the head
Term
The equilibrium potential of which ion is more negative than the resting potential?
Definition
Potassium
Term
which substances span the phospholipid bilayer to form ion channels?
Definition
proteins
Term
At rest, the neuronal membrane is mostly permeable to
Definition
Potassium
Term
What is the resting membrane potential?
Definition
-65mV
Term
Depolarization of the membrane means that the membrane potential is moving
Definition
toward 0mV
Term
At rest, which ion is more concentrated on the inside of the neuron?
Definition
Potassium
Term
Death by lethal injection is usually accomplished by injection of which substance?
Definition
KCl
Term
Astrocytes take up which ions when their extracellular levels become too high?
Definition
Potassium
Term
The adding together of EPSP's generated by different synapses occurring at the same time is an example of:
Definition
Spatial summation
Term
All of the following are inhibitory neurotransmitters, EXCEPT: (GABA, Glycine, Glutamate)
Definition
Glutamate
Term
Transmitter-gated channels of most inhibitory synapses are typically only permeable to
Definition
Chloride
Term
Autoreceptors are found
Definition
on the axon terminal
Term
Removal of neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft is done by means of reuptake for all of the following neurotransmitter types, EXCEPT (amines, amino acids, Peptides)
Definition
Peptides
Term
Neurotransmitter is dumped into the synaptic cleft by the process of
Definition
Exocytosis
Term
Curare is a receptor
Definition
antagonist
Term
For an EPSP to be most effective, it should occur
Definition
near the axon hillock
Term
which receptors are responsible for faster chemical synapses?
Definition
Transmitter-gated ion channel receptors
Term
CNS (Central Nervous System)
Definition
regions of the nervous system protected by bone, the brain and spinal cord
Term
PNS (Peripheral Nervous System)
Definition
made up of the somatic and visceral (autonomic) systems. The visceral is broken into the parasympathetic and sympathetic
Term
Gray Matter
Definition
in the CNS, containes the neuronal cell bodies, gray matter is on the outside of the brain
Term
White Matter
Definition
in the CNS, containes the axons of the neurons. the white matter is on the inside of the brain
Term
Types of cells in the nervous system
Definition
neurons and glia
Term
The problem with visualizing neurons
Definition
they are very small (.01-.05mm) and the brain is very soft
Term
Histology
Definition
the microscopic study of tissue structure
Term
How are histologists able to study the brain?
Definition
they harden the brain in formaldehyde and use a microtome to make thin sections of the tissue
Term
Nissl Stain
Definition
a class of basic dyes that stain the somata of neurons named for its discoverer, shows the grey matter well
Term
Golgi stain
Definition
Camillo Golgi discovered that soaking the brain in a silver chromate solution stains a small number of neurons in their entirety, clearly hsows a cell's body and the thin appendages radiating from it
Term
cell body
Definition
the central region of the neuron containing the nucleus; also called soma or perikayon
Term
How many axons does a neuron have?
Definition
A neuron only has one axon but may have many dendrites
Term
Bringing a neuron to threshold by activating several different excitatory synapses all at the same time is referred to as
Definition
spatial summation
Term
How is information coded for in the nervous system?
Definition
the frequency of action potentials
Term
What does an axon that conducts action potentials via salutatory conduction have that is unique from axons that do not conduct via salutatory conduction?
Definition
Myelin
Term
The presynaptic neuron fires at 10 action potentials per second, and the postsynaptic cell does not fire an action potential. However, when the same presynaptic neuron fires APs at 20 per second, the post synaptic cell fires. This is an example of
Definition
temporal summation
Term
From which embryonic structure is the cerebral cortex derived from?
Definition
telencephalon
Term
Which layer of the meninges is closest to the skull?
Definition
the Dura Mater
Term
Which factors are important in determining of action potential conduction velocity?
Definition
axon diameter and myelination
Term
Glia participate in all of the following EXCEPT: (myelinating axons; removing debris; synthesizing and releasing neurotransmitter; acting as the glue that keeps the brain together)
Definition
synthesizing and releasing neurotransmitter
Term
Which of the following is not found in an axon terminal? (mitochondria; synaptic vesicles; rough ER, protein kinase; secretory granules)
Definition
Rough ER
Term
The nervous system develops from which of the three embryonic layers?
Definition
ectoderm
Term
What region of the central nervous system is caudal to the medulla?
Definition
spinal cord
Term
Part of the CNS that is the most primitive and is concerned with life-sustaining functions:
Definition
Brain Stem
Term
This type of axon carries motor information from the CNS to the periphery:
Definition
Afferent
Term
The midbrain contains which of these structures? (Medulla, Thalamus, Tectum, Cerebellum)
Definition
Tectum
Term
This anatomical reference refers to the "same side"
Definition
ipsilateral
Term
Which of the following stuctures is part of the metencephalon? (cerebral cortex, medulla, cerebellum and pons, thalamus)
Definition
cerebellum and pons
Term
The spaces within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are:
Definition
ventricles
Term
CSF is produced by:
Definition
choroid plexus
Term
Which of the following structures is part of the myelencephalon? (medulla, tegmentum, tectum, thalamus)
Definition
medulla
Term
This meningeal covering is closest to the suface of the brain:
Definition
Pia Mater
Term
Reticular Theory (Golgi)
Definition
the neurites of different cells are fused together to form a continuous reticulum or network similar to the arteries and veins of the circulatory system
Term
The Neuron Doctrine (Cajal)
Definition
the concept that the neuron is the elementary functional unit of the brain and that neurons communicate with each other by contact, not continuity
Term
cytoarchitecture
Definition
the arrangement of neuronal cell bodies in various parts of the brain
Term
Cytosol
Definition
the fluid inside the cell, salty and potassium rich
Term
cytoplasm
Definition
everything contained within a neuron, except the nucleus
Term
neuronal membrane
Definition
membrane that encloses the neuron and separates it from the outside world
Term
What organelles are in the soma of a neuron?
Definition
nucleus, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, mitochondria
Term
Nucleus
Definition
contains chromosomes that contain DNA. DNA does not leave the nucleus
Term
The final product of gene expression is
Definition
protein synthesis
Term
How does Protein Synthesis take place?
Definition
1.The DNA writes down the directions called transcription 2.The mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes to a site where protein synthesis takes place 3.At protein synthesis site, mRNA is used to assemble amino acids in the correct order, in order to make proteins called translation
Term
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Definition
consists of stacks of membrane dotted with little balls known as ribosomes. The presence of the balls gives the rough appearance. RER is the principle site of protein synthesis, also known as Nissl stains
Term
Ribosomes on ER
Definition
tend to make proteins that are destined for the cell membrane or another organelle
Term
Free Ribosomes
Definition
tend to make proteins that are destined to be in the cytosol
Term
Smooth ER
Definition
have no ribosomes on them, perform different functions, fold proteins, regulate concentrations of substances in the neuron
Term
Golgi Apparatus
Definition
another stack of membranes, site of post-translational protein processing, site of protein sorting
Term
Mitochondria
Definition
site of the Krebs cycle and ATP production, the chemical energy stored in ATP is necessary for most biochemical reactions occurring in the neuron
Term
Three components of the Cytoskeleton
Definition
Microtubules (tubulin protein), Microfilaments (actin protein), Neurofilaments (strongest of the three
Term
The axon begins with a region called the
Definition
axon hillock
Term
How are axons different from the soma?
Definition
the axon contains no RER or free ribosomes, the protein composition of the axonal membrane is fundamentally different
Term
The end of the axon is known as the
Definition
axon terminal
Term
The movement of material along the axon is called
Definition
axoplasmic transport
Term
Two types of axoplasmic transport
Definition
anterograde, retrograde
Term
anterograde
Definition
the movement of material from the soma to the terminal, protein kinase is required
Term
retrograde
Definition
the movement of material from the terminal to the soma, protein dynein is required
Term
Golgi Type I
Definition
Neurons with lond axons projecting from one part of the brain to another, also known as projection neurons
Term
Golgi Type II
Definition
Neurons with short axons that do not leave the vicinity of the soma, also known as local circuit neurons
Term
The two fundamental types of Glia are
Definition
astrocytes, and myelinating glia (schwann and ogliodendrocytes)
Term
Astrocytes
Definition
most numerous of the glia cells, regulates the chemical content of the extracellular space
Term
Oligodendrocytes
Definition
myelinates several axons in the CNS, found in the brain and spinal cord
Term
Schwann cells
Definition
myelinates single axons in the PNS
Term
What is unique to neurons than other cells in the body?
Definition
the membrane
Term
What actually conducts the action potential?
Definition
the neuronal membrane
Term
cells capable of generating and conducting action potentials are said to have
Definition
excitable membranes
Term
Resting membrane potential
Definition
at rest, the inside of the neuron has a negative electrical charge relative to the outside of the neuron
Term
Two components of the Cytosol and extracellular fluid
Definition
water, ions (atoms or molecule tha thave a net electric charge)
Term
The important ions
Definition
Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Chloride
Term
The head of the phospholipid bilayer
Definition
contains phosphate, hydrophillic
Term
The tail of a phospholipid bilayer
Definition
contains hydrocarbon, hydrophobic
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