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Behavioral Neuroscience
Wheaton College Ch 10
47
Psychology
Graduate
04/18/2012

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Term
sexually dimorphic behavior
Definition
a behavior that has different forms or occurs with different probabilities or under different circumstances in males and females
Term
gamete
Definition
a mature reproductive cell; sperm or ovum
Term
sex chromosome
Definition
the X and Y chromosomes, which determine an organism's gender. Normally, XX=female and XY=male
Term
gonad
Definition
an ovary or testis
Term
Sry
Definition
the gene on the Y chromosome whose product instructs the undifferentiated fetal gonads to develop into testes
Term
organizational effect (of hormone)
Definition
the effect of a hormone on tissue differentiation and development (permanent)
Term
activational effect (of hormone)
Definition
the effect of a hormone that occurs in the fully developed organism; may depend on the organism's prior exposure to the organizational effects of hormones
Term
Müllerian system
Definition
the embryonic precursors of the female internal sex organs
Term
Wolffian system
Definition
the embryonic precursors of the male internal sex organs
Term
anti-Müllerian hormone
Definition
a peptide secreted by the fetal testes that inhibits the development of the Müllerian system, which would otherwise become the female internal sex organs
Term
defeminizing effect
Definition
an effect of a hormone present early in development that reduces or prevents the later development of anatomical or behavioral characteristics typical of females
Term
androgen
Definition
a male sex steroid hormone. Testosterone is the principal mammalian androgen
Term
masculinizing effect
Definition
an effect of a hormone present early in development that promotes the later development of anatomical or behavioral characteristics typical of males
Term
testosterone
Definition
the principal androgen found in males
Term
dihydrotestosterone
Definition
an androgen, produced from testosterone through the action of the enzyme 5a reductase
Term
androgen insensitivity syndrome
Definition
a condition caused by a congenital lack of functioning androgen receptors; in a person with XY sex chromosomes, causes the development of a female with testes but no internal sex organs
Term
persistent Müllerian duct syndrome
Definition
a condition caused by a congenital lack of anti-Müllerian hormone or receptors for this hormone; in a male, causes development of both male and female internal sex organs
Term
Turner's syndrome
Definition
the presence of only one sex chromosome (an X chromosome); characterized by lack of ovaries but otherwise normal female organs and genitalia
Term
gonadotropin-releaseing hormones (GnRH)
Definition
a hypothalmic hormone that stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete gonadotropic hormone
Term
gonadotropic hormone
Definition
a hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that hasa stimulating effect on cells of the gonads
Term
follicle-stimulating hormones (FSH)
Definition
the hormones of the anterior pituitary gland that cuases development of an ovarian follicle
Term
luteinizing gormone (LH)
Definition
a hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that causes ovulation and development of the ovarian follicle into a corpus luteum
Term
estradiol
Definition
the principal estrogen of many mammals including humans
Term
estrogen
Definition
a class of sex hormones that cause maturation of the female genitalia, growth of breast tissue, and development of other physical features characteristic of females
Term
menstrual cycle
Definition
the female reproductive cycle of most primates, including humans; characterized by growth of the lining of the uterus, ovulation, development or a corpus luteum, and (if pregnancy does not occur, menstration
Term
estrous cycle
Definition
the female reproductive cycle of mammals other than primates
Term
ovarian follicle
Definition
a cluster of epithelial cells surrounding an oocyte, which develops into an ovum
Term
corpus luteum
Definition
a cluster of cells that develops from the ovarian follicle after ovulation; secretes estradiol and progesterone
Term
progesterone
Definition
a steroid hormone produced by the ovary that maintains the endometrial lining of the uterus during the later part of the menstrual cycle and during pregnancy; along with estradiol it pormotes receptivity in female mammals with estrous cycles
Term
refractory period
Definition
a perios of time after a particulat action (for example, ejaculation by male) during which that action cannot occur again
Term
Coolidge effect
Definition
the restorative effect of introducing a new female sex partner to a male that has apparently become "exhausted" by sexual activity
Term
oxytocin
Definition
a hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland; causes contraction of the clooth muscle of the milk ducts, the uterus, and the male ejaculatory system; also serves as a neurotransmitter in the brain
Term
lordosis
Definition
a spinal sexual reflex seen in many four-legged female mammals; arching of the back in response to approach of a male or to touching the flanks, which elevated the hindquarters
Term
pheromone
Definition
a chemical released by one animal that affects the behavior or physiology of another animal; usually smell or taste
Term
Lee-Boot effect
Definition
the slowing and eventual cessation of estrous cycles in groups of female animals that are housed together; caused by a pheromone in the animals' urine; first observed in mice
Term
Whitten effect
Definition
the synchronization of the menstrual or estrous cycles of a group of females, which occurs only in the presence of a pheromone in a male's urine
Term
Vandenbergh effect
Definition
the earlier onset of puberty seen in female animals that are housed with males; caused by a pheramone in the male's urine
Term
Bruce effect
Definition
termination of pregnancy caused by the odor of a pheromone in the urine of a male other than the one that impregnated the female; first identifies in mice
Term
vomeronasal organ (VNO)
Definition
a sensory organ that detects the presence of certain chemicals, especially when a liquid is actively sniffed; mediates the effects of some pheromones
Term
accessory olfactory bulb
Definition
a neural structure located in the main olfactory bulb that receuves info from the VNO
Term
medial nucleus of the amygdala
Definition
a nucleus that receives olfactory information from the olfactory bulb and accessory olfactory bulb; involved in the effects of odors and pheromones on reproductive behavior
Term
congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)
Definition
a condition characterized by hypersecretion of androgens by the adrenal cortex; in females, causes masculinization of the external genitalia
Term
medial preoptic area (MPA)
Definition
an area of cell bodies just rostral to the hypothalamus; plays an essential role in male sexual behavior
Term
sexual dimorphic nucleus
Definition
a nucleus in the preoptic area that is much larger in males than in females; first observed in rats; plays a role in male sexual behavior
Term
periaqueductal gray matter (PAG)
Definition
the region of the midbrain that surrounds the serebral aqueduct; plays an essential role in various species-typical behaviors, including female sexual behavior
Term
nucleus paragigantocellularis (nPGi)
Definition
a nucleus of the medulla that receives input from the medial preoptic area and contains neurons whose axons form synapses with motor neurons in the spinal cord that participate in sexual reflexes in males
Term
ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH)
Definition
a large nucleus of the hypothalamus located near the walls of the thirs ventricle; plays an essential role in female sexual behavior
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