Term
| Reversal-Replication (ABAB) |
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Definition
| Design that includes reversal to baseline conditions followed by a replication of the treatment phase |
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Term
| Multiple Baseline Designs |
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Definition
| Designs that are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of a particular treatment without reversing to baseline conditions |
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Term
| Multiple Baseline Across Behaviors |
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Definition
| A research design in which two or more behaviors are monitored concurrently and, and in a staggered fashion, the treatment is introduced sequentially to each of the behaviors |
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Term
| Multiple Baseline Across People |
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Definition
| A research design in which a behavior is monitored in two or more individuals concurrently and, in a staggered fashion, the intervention is introduced sequentially to the behavior of each of the individuals |
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Term
| Multiple Baseline design across situations |
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Definition
| A research design in which a behavior is monitored in two or more situations concurrently and, in a staggered fashion, the intervention is introduced sequentially to the behavior of each of the individuals |
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Term
| Changing Criterion Design |
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Definition
| A research design in which successive changes in the criterion for application of the treatment occur |
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Term
| Alternating-treatments design |
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Definition
| A research design in which a baseline and treatment(s) are alternated, typically on successive days or sessions |
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Term
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Definition
| The extent to which a finding can be generalized to other behaviors, individuals, settings, or treatments |
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Term
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Definition
| Said of an independent variable if it can be shown that it caused the observed changed in the dependent variable. |
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Term
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Definition
| A judgment about the clinical or applied importance of behavioral change |
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Term
| Single-subject research design (within subject) |
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Definition
| allow for casual inference in the context of one subject (or client, student), but lacks in confidence in generalizability |
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Term
| Group Design/ Between subjects/ Control Groups |
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Definition
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Term
| A baseline phase, a treatment phase, a return to baseline phase, and a return to the treatment phase are the components of the: |
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Definition
| d. reversal-replication design. |
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Term
| A(n) __________ design calls for the introduction of the treatment sequentially across two or more behaviors. |
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Definition
| multiple-baseline across behaviors |
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Term
| A ___________ design calls for treatment to be introduced on a particular behavior sequentially across two or more individuals. |
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Definition
| multiple-baseline across people |
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Term
| Another name for a multi-element design is __________ design |
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Definition
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Term
| A potential problem with the alternating treatments design is: |
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Definition
| that the treatments may interact |
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Term
| Which of the following is not one of the scientific criteria used to evaluate whether or not a treatment was responsible for producing a reliable effect on the dependent variable? |
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Definition
a. the immediacy of an observed effect
b. the size of an observed effect
c.***** the extent to which an observed effect is socially validated
d. the number of times that an effect is replicated |
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Term
| Baseline data are collected on the name calling, swearing, and spitting behavior of a child towards other children. A treatment program is then introduced sequentially on the name- calling behavior, then the swearing behavior, and finally the spitting behavior. This is a _____________ design. |
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Definition
| multiple-baseline across behaviors |
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Term
| Evaluating how a client feels about the treatment procedures used in a behavior modification program provides an assessment of: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A written agreement between the clinet and the behavior modifier that indicates, in some detail, how the behavior modifier will help the client overcome a behavioral problem. They provide a clear statement of what behaviors of what individuals will produce what reinforcers and who will deliver those reinforcers (b/w two individuals). Holds therapist accountable |
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Term
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Definition
| Conditioned reinforcers, such as money, endure and can be accumulated until they are exchanged for back reinforcers |
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Term
|
Definition
| A behavior modification program in which individuals can earn tokens for performing desirable behaviors, and can cash in their tokens for various backup reinforcers |
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Term
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Definition
| 6-8 adolescents live with a married couple in a large house. Token economy based on a variety of behaviors, self-government (kids managed), emphasis on normalization, ongoing evaluation |
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Term
| Assume that you are a professional behavior modifier. Under which of the following conditions would you treat a behavior problem that had been referred to you? |
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Definition
| Once the behavioral goal is reached, it would be easily generalized and maintained. |
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Term
| Training in a test situation, varying the training conditions, programming common stimuli, and training sufficient stimulus exemplars are four important aspects of: |
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Definition
| programming stimulus generalization. |
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Term
| Varying the acceptable responses during training or using behavioral momentum to increase low-probability responses are two strategies for programming: |
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Definition
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Term
| To ensure that the therapist is responsible or accountable to the client, it is recommended that: |
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Definition
| the therapist and client sign a treatment contract. |
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Term
| The fact that they can be given immediately after a desirable behavior occurs and cashed in at a later time for a back-up reinforcer is one of the major advantages to using: |
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Definition
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Term
| Tokens should have the following two characteristics. They should be: |
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Definition
| easy to handle and attractive. |
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Term
| An advantage of assigning only one person to reinforce a particular response at a particular time in a token economy is that: |
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Definition
| one person can be held responsible for appropriate management of the token economy. |
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Term
| _________ and _________ are two general methods of weaning clients from tokens when transferring behavior to the natural environment. |
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Definition
| gradually eliminating tokens; gradually decreasing token value |
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Term
| Emitting a controlling behavior to effect a change in a behavior to be controlled is the model of self-management originally proposed by: |
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Definition
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Term
| A teenager who wants to go out with friends tells his parents that his homework is finished even though it is not, and the teenager is allowed to go out. This behavioral excess of lying occurs: |
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Definition
| because of immediate reinforcers verses delayed punishers for the behavioral excess. |
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Term
|
Definition
a rule that you state that it is important to change your behavior, that you will work toward
doing so, and that you recognize the benefits of doing so. |
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Term
| Which of the following is not one of the strategies recommended for managing consequences in a self-control program? |
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Definition
a. Eliminate certain reinforcers that may strengthen a problem behavior that you would like
to decrease.
b. ****Provide reinforcement for showing increased willpower.
c. Self-record and self-graph the target behavior.
d. Arrange for reinforcers to be earned for showing improvement. |
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Term
| A clear written statement of what behaviors of which individuals will produce what reinforcers and who will deliver those reinforcers defines: |
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Definition
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Term
| Many people are aware of the health hazards of being overweight, and yet, many people have difficulty resisting an extra dessert. That is because: |
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Definition
the consequences of a single such action are too small to be noticed and are only of
cumulative significance. |
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Term
| Consider the self-control problem of eating too many sweets. This is likely due to: |
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Definition
| immediate reinforcers vs. cumulatively significant punishers for a behavior. |
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Term
| A student decides that he will reinforce himself with a potato chip for each page read while studying. But the student eats all the potato chips before finishing the first page. This is best described as: |
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Definition
| short-circuiting of a contingency. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Covert verbalization and imagery, frequently called "believing", "thinking", and "expecting". |
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Term
| Cognitive Behavior Therapy/Modification |
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Definition
| An approach to treatment that focuses mainly on changing overt behavior by modifying covert behavior, such as dysfunctional thinking. |
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Term
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Definition
| Thinking in absolute terms. ex one is a failure if one gets anything less than an A |
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Term
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Definition
| drawing a conclusion on the basis of inadequate evidence; for example, misinterpreting a frown face of a passerby to mean that the passerby disapproves of him/her |
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Term
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Definition
| Reaching a general conclusion on the basis of too few instances; for xample, assuming that a single failure means that one cannot succeed at anything |
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Term
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Definition
| which is exaggerating the meaning or significance of a particular event; for example, believe that it is terrible or catastrophic no to obtain something that on wants very badly |
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Term
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Definition
| Substituting irrational or dysfunctional thinking and inaccurate appraisal of information with rational thinking and accurate appraisal of information |
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Term
| Rational-emotive therapy (RET) / Rational Emotive behavior therapy (REBT) |
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Definition
| A method of therapy developed by Albert Ellis that focuses on alleviating emotional problems caused by irrational thiking |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Self-Instructional Training |
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Definition
| Meichenbaum and Goodman. Strategies for helping clients to cope with the negative emotions that on completely eliminating them |
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Term
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Definition
| Analogy. 1. Reinterpretation phase, clients are taught that its their view not the stressor 2. Coping training phase, clients learn coping strategies.3 applicaiton phase |
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Term
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Definition
| Observations of one's covert and overt behaviors as they occur |
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Term
|
Definition
| A set of behaviors in reaction to mindfulness activities, including refraining from judging one's sensations, thoughts, feelings, and behaviors as good and bad, pleasant or unpleasant, useful or useless, and so on. |
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Term
| Acceptance and commitment therapy |
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Definition
| A behavior therapy that uses mindfulness and acceptance procedures to teach client to non judgmentally experience thoughts and emotions, including those that are troublesome, and to commit to actions to purse valued goals in their lives |
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Term
|
Definition
| A theory about how we learn to respond to a set of arbitrary stimuli. It involves stimulus equivalence classes and the effects that members of such classes have on each other and the behaviors they control |
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Term
| 1. Belief, thought, and perception are the three things that describe: |
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Definition
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Term
| That individuals interpret and react to events in terms of their perceived significance, and that cognitive deficiencies can cause emotional disorders, are two major assumptions of: |
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Definition
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Term
| Who developed rational-emotive therapy? |
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Definition
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Term
| Drawing a conclusion on the basis of inadequate evidence, such as misinterpreting a frown on the face of a passerby to mean that the passerby is expressing disapproval, is an example of what Beck called: |
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Definition
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Term
| What two approaches assume that a client's difficulty is caused by some type of inappropriate thought pattern and that the problem may stem from the client's tendency to exaggerate unpleasant things? |
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Definition
| Beck's cognitive therapy and Ellis's RET |
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Term
| Approaches that focus on substituting rational thoughts and appraisal of information for irrational or dysfunctional thinking are referred to as: |
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Definition
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Term
| _______________ approach is to teach the client to use internal stimuli as SDs for engaging inappropriate self-instruction, counteract negative self-statements in the presence of the stressful situation, self-instruct the steps for taking appropriate action, and make self- reinforcing statements after successful coping. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____________ procedures are used to teach individuals that they can feel their feelings and think their thoughts even though they may be aversive, and still take constructive action to pursue one’s values and life goals. |
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Definition
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Term
| Empirically-supported therapies (EST's) |
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Definition
| Therapies that have proven to be effective in scientifically conducted in clinical trials |
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Term
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Definition
| When clients have more than one clinical problem at the same time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Intense, irrational, incapacitating fears. Animal, natural environment, blood-injury-injection, situational type, and other type |
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Term
| Systematic Desensitization |
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Definition
| A procedure for overcoming a phobia (extreme fear) by having a client successively imagine, while in a relaxed state, the items in a fear hierarchy |
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Term
|
Definition
| A list of fear-eliciting events arranged in order from the even that causes the least fear to the event that causes the most fear |
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Term
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Definition
| A method of extinguishing fear by exposure to a strongly feared stimulus for an extended period of time. |
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Term
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Definition
| A method for decreasing fear in which a client imitates another individual approaching a fear object |
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Term
|
Definition
| Susceptibility to panic attacks, which are intense fear experiences that seem to come "out of the blue" with no precipitating stimulus or cue. |
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Term
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Definition
| Is an intense fear of going out in public or leaving the confines of one's own home |
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Term
| Obsessive-compulsive disorder |
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Definition
| Experiencing unwanted intrusive thoughts (called obsession) or feel impelled to engage in unproductive repetitive behaviors ( called compulsion), or both. Unlike anxiety disorder a person with OCD worries about a specific thing |
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Term
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Definition
| a person that that worries to an extreme degree , constantly worrying and feeling intensely anxious over things, events, and potential events that most people would consider trivial, unimportant, or unlikely. |
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Term
| Post-traumatic stress disorder |
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Definition
| The impaired functionality by someone with this disorder appears to be due to the individual's attempt to to avoid thinking about the traumatic event (or events) and hence to avoid stimuli that remind the individual of the event. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| 1. awareness, learns te problem behavior 2. learns and practices incompatible behavior 3. Motivation |
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Term
| An intense fear of going out in public or leaving one’s home is referred to as: |
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Definition
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Term
| The major component of the treatment of agoraphobia is: |
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Definition
| in vivo exposure to the feared stimuli. |
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Term
| Which of the following types of treatment work best with obsessive-compulsive disorders? |
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Definition
| exposure to the feared situation while preventing the compulsive behavior from occurring |
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Term
| Which of the following is not a part of the successful program developed by Sobell and Sobell for teaching problem drinkers to drink in moderation? |
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Definition
| aversion therapy to make alcohol aversive |
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Term
| The habit reversal procedure typically includes: |
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Definition
| awareness training, competing response training, and a motivational strategy. |
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Term
| A procedure for overcoming a simple phobia that tries to get the client into the presence of the feared stimulus very early during therapy, and to maintain exposure for long periods of time, is referred to as: |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is not a typical component of a behavioral treatment strategy for obesity? |
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Definition
a. self-monitoring
b. stimulus control
c. *****cognitive restructuring
d. behavioral contracting |
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Term
| Increasingly,evidence indicates that themost effective treatment for depression is: |
|
Definition
| behavioral homework assignments to increase contingent reinforcers |
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Term
| Applied Behavior Analysis |
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Definition
| Behavior Modification in which there is typically an attempt to analyze or clearly demonstrate controlling variables of the behavior of concern |
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Term
|
Definition
| Discovering controlling variable (antecedents or consequences) for behavior by directly assessing their effects on the behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| Albert Bandura, places great emphasis on the social contexts in which behavior is acquired and maintained, besides the principle of respondent and operant conditioning.There is also an emphasis on observational learning |
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Term
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Definition
| the reciprocal of control; it is the influence the controllee has on the controller by virtue of access to suitable reinforcers |
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Term
|
Definition
| Certain standards of behavior that are developed by a culture and promote the survival of that culture |
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Term
|
Definition
| By watching other people act and by observing what happens to them, we can then imitate their behavior. |
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Term
| cognitive meditational processes |
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Definition
| Based on prior experience with environmental influences as well as on current perception of environmental events, an individual is said to develop cognitive rules and strategies that can serve to determine future actions |
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Term
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Definition
| A belief that one person can perform adequately in a particular situation |
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Term
| Social Learning Theory vs. Cognitive behavior modification |
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Definition
SLT with its emphasis on the regulation of behavior by external stimulus events, environmental consequences, and cognitive meditational processes, provides a way of describing behavior in a variety of contexts.
CBM- however is focused mainly on explaining maladaptive behaviors in terms of dysfunctional thinking, and it includes cognitive restructuring as a primary treatment component |
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Term
| Multi-modal behavior therapy |
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Definition
| Lazarus (1971,1976) argued that practicing clinicals should not restrict themselves to a particular theoretical framework but should use a variety of behavior techniques along with psychonalytic and other traditional clinical techniques, provided that these have some empirical support |
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Term
|
Definition
| Behavior therapy (Dysfunctional behavior) and applied behavior analysis (attempt to analyze and elucidate controlling variables). |
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Term
| Skinner's text, Science and Human Behavior (1953), |
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Definition
suggests how basic behavioral principles influence the behavior of people in all kinds of
everyday situations. |
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Term
| The publications of the early 1960's within the operant orientation seem to have been characterized by which two features? |
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Definition
Much of it was done with very resistant populations, and many of the applications took
place in highly controlled settings. |
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Term
| ____________ is the term used most often for behavioral treatments carried out in the natural environment and special training settings; ____________ is the term used most often to refer to behavioral treatments conducted in the therapist's office. |
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Definition
| behavior modification; behavior therapy |
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Term
| The most influential of the social learning theorists has been: |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Behavior modification is based on the following two propositions: |
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Definition
| Behavior can be controlled; and it is desirable to do so in order to achieve certain objectives. |
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Term
| People have learned to react negatively to all overt attempts to control behavior because |
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Definition
| of their experiences with others, who have used their power for their own benefit. |
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Term
| Consider the following ethical principle of APA: "Psychologists recognize the boundaries of their particular competencies and the limitations of their expertise." To the extent that psychologists practice this ethical guideline, they are illustrating: |
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Definition
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Term
| n his book, Beyond Freedom and Dignity, Skinner argued that |
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Definition
the concept of "freedom" prevents us from recognizing how our behavior is controlled by
positive reinforcers. |
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