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Beginning of the End
Test with too many chapters
110
History
10th Grade
03/09/2009

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Term
New Imperialism
Definition
The late 19th century worldwide colonialism of European Powers interested in strategic and market advantage.
Term
Zulu War
Definition
South African war fought in 1879 between Britain and the Zulu people. Its cause was Afrikaner expansion during the Great Trek and a British desire to defeat Africans who stood in the way of white settlement.
Term
Berlin Conference of 1884
Definition
A conference called by Otto Von Bismarck of all the major European Powers to find a formula for comparing claims to foreign territory and to temper potential conflicts.
Term
White Man's Burden
Definition
A phrase coined by Rudyard Kipling to refer to what he considered the necessity of bringing European civilization to non-Europeans.
Term
Terkboers
Definition
South African Boer "pioneers" who trekked away from Cape Colony and civilization to settle deep inland on the South African frontier.
Term
Scramble for Africa
Definition
The sudden race for colonies in Africa among the major European nations that occurred between about 1882-1914.
Term
Effective Occupation
Definition
One of the principles established during the Berlin Conference of 1884 for recognizing colonial claims. Essentially, it required that for a claim to be made, an effective administrative and police presence had to be established in the territory in question.
Term
Anti-slavery movement
Definition
A movement which acquired several supporters in high places. The persuaded the British parliament and US to end slavery in 1807-1808.
Term
Shaka
Definition
King of the Zulu people of South Africa. During the 1810s, he united the Zulu into a powerful, militaristic state in the region of Natal.
Term
Coastal Contact
Definition
Europeans remained confined to the Coastal regions. Europeans had the greatest and most destructive impact on the coastal regions.
Term
Cecil Rhodes
Definition
A British explorer, builder, visionary, and ambitious man who loves adventure. He is the kind of guy whose life in Africa made him stand out as a hero. He led Africa into a more modern world.
Term
Great Trek
Definition
The march of the Boers, beginning in 1836, into the northeastern interior of South African where they founded the so called Boer Republic.
Term
Boers
Definition
The Dutch colonists who had been the initial European settlers of South Africa.
Term
Direct/Indirect Rule
Definition
When representatives of the government are in the country, that is direct rule. Indirect rule is when the local people rule in the name of the country.
Term
Informal Empire
Definition
The era in African history that lasted from the 1400s to about 1880, when Europeans remained content to restrict their dreams with Africa primarily to trade.
Term
Factories
Definition
Coastal trading points, with gold as the main export. later, it shifts to slaves.
Term
Social Darwinism
Definition
The adaptation of Darwinian biology to apply to human society in simplistic terms.
Term
Self-Strengthening
Definition
The late 19th century attempt by Chinese officials to bring China into the modern world by instituting reforms; failed to achieve this goal.
Term
Establishment of Orange Free State
Definition
The Afrikaners were forced north to the orange river. Here they settled and discovered diamonds. After finding the diamonds, much of Europe soon followed.
Term
Adb al-Qadir
Definition
a Muslim who started jihads and holy wars to get missionaries and the rest of France out of his land. He even sparked a resistance in Northern France.
Term
Taiping Rebellion
Definition
The rebellion of anti-manzhou rebels in China in the 1860s.
Term
Trade without settlement
Definition
Trade was often conducted by sailors right on coastal beaches. Fortified trading posts like the famous Elmina Castle on the Gold Coast were founded at wide intervals.
Term
Empress Dowager Cixi
Definition
(1835-1908) - This empress managed to hold the throne for almost 50 years, focusing on little more than strengthening her own position.
Term
Unequal treaties
Definition
Chinese name for the diplomatic and territorial arrangements foisted on the weak Qing Dynasty by European powers in the 19th century; also, the commercial treaties forced on just-opened Japan by the same powers and the United States.
Term
Union of Indochina
Definition
Sometimes referred to as just Indochina. This was the official French name for their colony that invaded Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia.
Term
Factors contributing to the Taiping rebellion
Definition
-Discontent with the corruption and incompetence of the government officials.
-The rapidly worsening problems of overpopulation in southern China.
-The strong appeal of Hong's prophetic visions.
-Hong's promise of a new millenarian order that would follow the overthrow of the Qing rulers and their Confucian elites.
-The total ineffectiveness of the Qing armed forces.
Term
Opium Wars
Definition
(1839-1842) - Conflicts that occurred on the Chinese coast between the British and the Chinese over the importation of opium into China. The Chinese were defeated, which led to 80 years of foreign subordination.
Term
Castas
Definition
Mixed-blood people of color in colonial Spanish America.
Term
Boxer Rebellion
Definition
The Boxers were a fanatical, quasi-religious society who believed they had nothing to fear from bullets. These peasants revolted in an attempt to overthrow the 'foreign devils'. Quickly crushed.
Term
Shift from gold to slaves
Definition
Soon however slaves took the place of gold as the most profitable and most pursued item of trade. Coastal peoples in mutually profitable fashion delivered both slaves and goods to the Europeans.
Term
Culture System
Definition
Dutch method of extracting wealth from Indonesian peasants by paying fixed prices for their crops; often rip-offs.
Term
Monoculture
Definition
Over reliance on one or two crops in a region; an economically precarious system.
Term
Triple Alliance of 1882
Definition
A pact concluded in 1882 that united Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy against possible attackers. The members were called the Central Powers.
Term
Miguel Hidalgo
Definition
The Mexican priest who started the revolt against Spain in 1810.
Term
Jose de San Martin
Definition
He liberated Argentina and Chile with his volunteer army.
Term
Triple Entente
Definition
The diplomatic agreement of 1904 that ended British-French enmity and was meant as a warning to Germany.
Term
Simon Bolivar
Definition
He liberated northern South America and is best known and most revered of the three. As a tragic hero, he ultimately failed at his self-appointed task of uniting the various regions under a U.S. style federal constitution.
Term
Bismarck's system of maintaining the status quo
Definition
He has 2 problems there, the Catholics and the guys on the left. He first goes after the Catholics but then fails, and so he gives up that struggle. Then he moves to the socialists (the largest party in Germany). He bans the party and forces them underground.
Term
Monroe Doctrine
Definition
The announcement in 1823 by James Monroe that no European interference in Latin America would be tolerated.
Term
Kaiser Wilhelm II
Definition
A rule who went out of his way to alienate, allowing a previous treaty of friendship to lapse.
Term
Unique road to Brazil's independence.
Definition
The Portuguese Royalty go to live in Brazil and then move back to Portugal, all except for their oldest son (the heir). The Prince as a very strong backing among the local Criollos. The Royal family see an independent future in this boy, but he declares independent authority over Portugal. The son establishes a constitutional monarchy.
Term
Interests of the various nation states
Definition
Serbia - Freedom
Austria- Balkan control
Russia- Serbia's freedom
French- defeat Germany
Germany- Defend Austria and increase power
England- Defeat Germany
Term
Caudillo
Definition
A regional chieftain and usurping strongman who achieves national power in Latin America.
Term
Austrian ultimatum to Serbia
Definition
either you let us come in and investigate the assassination and you will declare all anti-Austrian illegal. The point of the ultimatum is to be rejected, not accepted.
Term
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Definition
Austrian heir to the throne as the king is very near death. He was assassinated by Serbia and this is one of the reasons for Austria to go to war.
Term
Germany's blank check
Definition
When Austria goes to war with Serbia, Germany says that they will back them no matter what happens and to any end.
Term
Russia's general mobilization
Definition
Russia is a big country and needs a lot of time to mobilize all of its troops from all over its country. It begins to mobilize to make its army ready for war, and Germany sees this is a declaration of war.
Term
Juan Manuel Rosas
Definition
One of the most infamous examples of a territory-obsessed caudillo. He ruled Buenos Aires, then all of Argentina. As a young man he rejected all things Spanish, acquired a large ranch, and created a successful beef-salting business.
Term
Schlieffen Plan
Definition
Germany doesn't want to fight a two front war, so they decide to take out France quick before Russia can get its troops over quickly enough to force a battle on the eastern border of Germany.
Term
Benito Juarez
Definition
He was born and died in India, Amerindian. What is the text’s point? If you are little skinned, then you can make it no matter your background. He is a hero to Mexico.
Term
Expectation/outmoded understanding of war
Definition
Germany used its submarine to attack ships from below the sea, so that their enemies couldn't see them. The Americans and British considered this cowardly.
Term
Peonage
Definition
In Latin America, a type of serfdom that tied peasant workers to a hacienda through alleged debts owed the the employer.
Term
The Western Front
Definition
This is where the Germans were stopped by the French. This caught the Germans completely off guard and lead to the downfall of the Schlieffen plan, and forced Germany to fight a two front war.
Term
Latifundios
Definition
Huge rural plantations which grew after Brazilian independence.
Term
Status of pure-blooded Amerindians
Definition
They remained mainly outside public life, although they technically became equal citizens when slavery was abolished.
Term
Trench Warfare
Definition
Trench warfare was brutal. The trenches were about 6 feet deep and ranged from 1/2 mile to 200 yards apart. The trenches were a series and went back for miles. They weren't meant to make advancements but rather hold the line.
Term
U-boat warfare
Definition
Submarines used by the Germans which were considered cheat.
Term
Charles Darwin
Definition
An Englishman who published The Origin of Species in 1859.
Term
The Origin of Species
Definition
Charles Darwin's book that first enunciated the evolutionary theory in biology; published in 1859.
Term
President Woodrow Wilson
Definition
The President who finally declared war and went to battle. He had to give a speech to Congress and he talked about making a safer world with worldwide democracy and to end human conflict.
Term
America's entry into the war
Definition
entailed a series of episodes all of which turned American thinking more and more against Germany. We had declared neutrality, but were of course not neutral.
Term
Natural Selection
Definition
"Survival of the Fittest". The Darwinian doctrine in biology that change in species derives from mechanistic changes induced by the environment.
Term
Russia's inability to sustain its war effort
Definition
Russia never really industrialized and this was fine early in the war. But when the strains of time come on, where the industrial powers could continue, Russia could not.
Term
Overthrow of Russian autocracy
Definition
In 1916, Russia soldiers are in winter without boots. You also find them with guns but no ammo. There is desertion among the Russian ranks. In 1917, the authority collapses. Russia’s effort in the war will be hobbled and ridiculous for the rest of the time. Then Lenin comes to power, and he pulls Russia out of the war ASAP.
Term
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Definition
Lenin gets a treaty with Germany that officially ends the involvement of Russia in the war.
Term
Phenomenon of Variation
Definition
Nature's variety and the evolution of species is due to natural selection.
Term
Wilson's "Fourteen Points"
Definition
With the end, there is freedom of the seas, colonies become nations, and the league of nations is born. Germany in 1918 (summer-early fall) will have lost another offensive, and come to the conclusion that the war is not winnable. They will agree to the fourteen points Wilson has come up with. They agree to stop the war with the fact that the 14 points will guide what follows.
Term
Total War
Definition
Very early on, WWI becomes propaganda, it is a Total War. You have to mobilize the minds and bodies of the people. It is the use of technology for massive destruction.
Term
Mobilization of minds and bodies
Definition
To sustain the war, you increasingly talk about the stakes (civilization for the French and England). The Germans are transformed into death mongrels, and you call them Huns in the media. Even once we get involved, we change words because some words are Germanic.
Term
The Descent of Man
Definition
The 1871 publication by Charles Darwin that applied selective evolution theory to mankind.
Term
Success of planning
Definition
Planning was successful on the part of the Triple Entente and US but it failed massively on the part of Germany and the Schlieffen plan.
Term
success of female labor
Definition
You mobilize your population and you also pull women out of the home and put them in factories. When the boys return from war, they go back to the factory and the women lose their jobs. But it had been established that women are not unable to do men’s work.
Term
End of Newtonian Understanding
Definition
Einstein has trashed Newtonian understanding. If Einstein can do that to Newton, someone could later do that to relativity.
Term
Ideological war aims become paramount
Definition
Term
Mass and energy
Definition
Einstein comes up with the idea of the electro-magnetic field. Energy=(Mass)(light speed)squared. Energy is what a thing is, fundamentally, everything has an electro-magnetic field, and it is one continuous field.
Term
Realities vs. the fourteen points at Versailles
Definition
The US Senate rejected the Paris treaties in 1919. The US eventually made separate treaties with each of the defeated states, duplicating the Paris treaties with the exception of the League of Nations paragraph.
Term
General Theory of Relativity
Definition
Einstein's theory that introduced the modern era of physics in 1916.
Term
Clemenceau, Orlando, Lloyd George
Definition
They were all opposed to a peace without victors, which to them meant political suicide or worse.
Term
Max Planck
Definition
He headed a major research lab for many years and revolutionized the study of energy with his quantum theory, by which energy is discharged in a not fully predictable series of emissions from its sources, rather than a smooth and uniform stream.
Term
Big Bang Theory
Definition
The theory that the cosmos was created by an enormous explosion of gases billions of years ago.
Term
Dissolution of empires
Definition
Turkey dissolved into 6 states under French and British control and Germany lost 10% of its land to various neighbors.
Term
Successor states
Definition
These states were Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Yugoslavia. These states were what took over Austria's land.
Term
Social Science
Definition
The social sciences have human beings, collectively or individually, as their subject matter.
Term
Mandate System
Definition
Term
Reparations
Definition
The amount of damages was to be calculated by the victors at a later date. It eventually was announced as 33 billion.
Term
Nihilism
Definition
Once the truths collapse, we enter a world where nothing is unpermitted.
Term
German disarmament
Definition
The League of Nations tried to disarm Germany but it had no armed force at its disposal, and the league members never had any intention of creating one.
Term
League of Nations
Definition
An organ created by the Paris treaties with universal membership that was to act as a permanent board of mediation when international conflicts arose.
Term
Trade Pattern
Definition
It started internally in Africa, then spread to Portugal, then all over the rest of Europe, and it ended going trans-Atlantic.
Term
Idea of the Dark Continent
Definition
This is what Africa was called because it was the last, great, unexplored region.
Term
New meaning of slavery
Definition
When Portugal set up a sugar plantation on the offshore islands of Principe, the rest of Europe joined in on the slave trade.
Term
Portuguese model
Definition
The Portuguese were the first to set up, and they set up a sugar plantation. Soon the rest of Europe joined, and followed suit with the Portuguese.
Term
Problems of the data concerning slave numbers
Definition
Refine is impossible. One is drive to make on the crudest approximations of the numbers involved and the impact they had.
Term
King Affonso I
Definition
Soon after the Portuguese arrived there, Roman Catholic missionaries succeeded in converting the King of the Kongo.
Term
Sigmund Freud
Definition
No individual has been more crucial to this transformation of psychologies purpose shifting from merely understand how the mind works to healing sick minds.
Term
Positivism
Definition
insisted that laws of social behavior existed and were just as readily knowable as the laws of physical behavior.
Term
struggles of organized religions
Definition
Both Catholic and Protestant believers found themselves portrayed by numerous opponents as inappropriate, even hateful relics from a forgotten medieval age who were against progress, rationalism, and modernism.
Term
Anti-Slavery Movement
Definition
Faction among mostly British evangelical Christians, which, beginning in the 1790s, was able to pressure Parliament with increasing effectiveness to ban slavery and the slave trade in Britain and throughout the British Empire.
Term
Cultural relativism
Definition
One prominent feature of social sciences. This is an appreciation of the variety of ways to solve a generic task based on cultures.
Term
Psychoanalysis
Definition
One who attempts to help the patient first recognize, and then do something about, the distorted impressions of reality that produce social or individual disabilities.
Term
The unconscious
Definition
this is where are the bad memories are stored. When a memory that is supposed to be forgot is sent into the unconscious, it is called repression.
Term
Spheres of Influence
Definition
Places where France exercised monopolistic control of trade in highly sought-after products such as palm oil.
Term
Europeans' exploration of Africa
Definition
Simple curiosity aroused the desire in Europeans to explore the world's last unexplored regions.
Term
Abd al-Qadir
Definition
An Algerian who led the Islamic resistance to French invasion for many years.
Term
Marabout
Definition
A charismatic leader of holy men who inhabited a complex of monastery-like lodges among the desert and mountain Berbers.
Term
Usman dan Fodio
Definition
A man whose jihad began in the 1790s and arose from a dispute between a Muslim holy man and the king of a Hausa city-state.
Term
Sokoto caliphate
Definition
The traditional caliphate which was continued by Usman dan Fodio's son, Muhammad Bello.
Term
Sayyid Sa'id
Definition
He established the Zanzibar Caliph and large economic trade. He used the east coast for a commercial empire. He also understands that you really don’t control all of the factors entering commerce, so it is good to establish your own food supply through an integrated agriculture system.
Term
Plantation economics in East Africa
Definition
Sayyid Sa'id encouraged the creation of a plantation economy in East Africa, so Arabs and Indian immigrants displaced the local Swahili in Zanzibar, and large numbers of slaves were employed in cultivating cloves.
Term
Diamond mining
Definition
The opinions of Europe towards Africa changes when diamonds were discovered. Previously, Africa was thought of as cheap, but after the diamonds were found, this view changed.
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