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Beef Class
ASCI 221
69
Science
Undergraduate 2
12/09/2013

Additional Science Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Mortality in Calving stage
Definition
10% rate, 1/2 due to calving difficulties
Term
What are the 3 stages of the calving process
Definition
prep, delivery, and cleaning
Term
What takes place in Prep Stage? How long does it take?
Definition
4-24 hours. The fetus rotates to correct position and the cervix dialates
Term
What takes place in the delivery stage? How long does it take?
Definition
20-30 min for mature cow (1 hr for new).
Begins when fetus enters birth canal.
placenta remains intact and chord breaks.
Nursing and check for breathing.
Term
What happens in Cleaning Stage? How long does it take?
Definition
8-12 hrs after birth. Placenta separates and is eaten
Term
When should you assist in birthing?
Definition
Dystocia- from calf position, calf weight, or small cow pelvic area.
Term
What is the proper Fetal Position? What should you do if it's not correct?
Definition
Want 2 front legs and nose forward with the joints bending the same way. (Dew claws pointed down).

If it is incorrect, you can use chains to help pull the calf out.
Term
What should you include in your calf records?
Definition
Birth date, sex, dam number, birth weight, and calving ease score
Term
What can you use to identify calf?
Definition
ear tag, tattoo, or branding
Term
What should take place in the 3-5 month phase of the calfs life?
Definition
branding, castration, implants (not on bulls), and vaccinations
Term
What should you know about calf nutrition?
Definition
Milk production peaks at 60 days. Know when forage is declining, along with feed costs and labor costs, to decide if you want to supplement
Term
What are 2 advantages to Creep Feeding calves?
Definition
Takes pressure off pasture
good for 1st calf heifers
helps weaning transition
improves carcass quality
Term
What are 2 disadvantages to supplementing feed to calves?
Definition
discount at slaughter (to "fleshy"/fat)
poorer feedlot performance
potential depression in milk
Term
What do you need for Embryo Transfer? How much does it cost to do?
Definition
Genetically superior donor cow, and a recipient cow.
Costs 400-500 per calf
Term
When should you consider IVF?
Definition
gestating females 40-100 days bred
young females
cows not successful with ET
Term
What is the cost for IVF? What is the downside?
Definition
Costs $250 +transfer and freezing fee
downside: pregnancy rate lowered 50%
Term
What are 2 factors that make Sexed Semen not a very viable option?
Definition
Sorting is slow
sperm can be killed or damaged
conception rate is lowered
has lower sperm number
Term
How accurate is Sexing Semen?
Definition
90% accurate for females
88% accurate for males
Term
When should you use sexed semen?
Definition
when doing ET and IVF of elite cows

can breed top cows to female semen to produce replacement heifers.
Term
What happens in nuclear transfering? Success rate?
Definition
imsert somatic cells into donor oocyte (nucleus removed) and use hormones to prompt embryo.
4% survival rate
Term
What is the cost for clone calf?
Definition
$20,000 for clone +$5000 for each additional
Term
What are the current cattlefax prices?
Slaughter steer:
Yearling Steer (750)
Util & Commerc
Corn:
Choice/Select Spread:
Definition
SS: 130.92
YS: 164.19
U&C: 79.74
Corn: 4.14
C/S: 14.04
Term
When is the typical weaning age?
Definition
bottled fed: 1 month
suckling: 2-8 months

Typically at 205 days
Term
When should you brand and castrate calves?
Definition
typically 30 days prior or after weaning, due to stress
Term
what are the 3 types of vaccination schedules? Which is ideal?
Definition
1. Branding and weaning (2 times)
2. 3-4 weeks prior to weaning and at weaning
3. Prior to weaning give both slots

#3 is ideal, but increases stress due to handling twice
Term
What is the benefit of weaning for the cow?
Definition
instantly decreases stress-- increases BCS-- increases fertility
Term
What are the early weaning ages? Which is the best?
Definition
*65 days*
115 days
175 days
Term
What are 3 advantages of weaning early?
Definition
1. Lowers nutrient demand--increase BCS
2. Lower grazing pressure
3. increase marbling
4. Lowers carcass weight in Euro breeds
5. cull cows marketed before low
Term
What are 3 disadvantages to weaning early?
Definition
1. need adequate facilities
2. special vaccinations and program
3. higher feed cost for calves
4. less efficient later on
5. lower wieght for british breeds
Term
What are the 4 weaning strategies? Which is the best?
Definition
1. Abrupt weaning (worst)
2. Fence line seperation
3. trainer cow method
4. 2 step (1. weaning, 2. seperation)

*4 is best because it reduces bawling 85%, and increases eating 25%
Term
On average how many heifers are kept?
Definition
10-50% are kept, average is 20-25%
Term
What is the traditional way for selecting replacement heifers?
Definition
single trait selection.
biggest heifers are selected, but overly fat can mean poor fertility
Term
What two factors should you look at when doing a 2 trait selection for RH?
Definition
genotype and phenotype
Term
What are 3 genotype factors to look at in RH?
Definition
BW EPD
Pedigree History
Records
Term
What are phenotypic factors to look at in RH?
Definition
reprotract scores
frame size
structure
udder soundness
docility
rib shape
Term
what is a desired weaning weight? What is the goal?
Definition
450-800 lbs
want to reach 65% of mature weight at breeding
Term
What influences Age at Puberty?
Definition
scrotal circumference
exposure to "gomer"
ionophores
MGA or CIDR
rate of gain
Term
what is the ideal age for puberty and age for calving?
Definition
puberty: 12-14 months
calve at 22-24 months

British breeds are early for puberty
Euro breeds are later
Term
What are the 2 stages for development?
Definition
1. weaning to breeding
2. gestation to rebreeding
Term
What should you calculate for the weaning to breeding stage?
Definition
Determine breeding date
calculate rate of gain (want 1.5 lb/day)
Term
What type of nutrition program should you use for heifer development?
Definition
want growth gain not fat gain. So use forage based rations with supplemented grazing.

higher rates of gain=less time to puberty
Term
When should you calve?
Definition
When heifers reach 85% of mature weight
Term
When does most fetal growth occur?
Definition
last 60 days of development
Term
What should you change in your nutrition plan before rebreeding heifers?
Definition
Increase nutrient requirement for lactation and growth. Want to get heifer BCS back up.
Term
Where are most of the cattle concentrated in the US? Why?
Definition
Midwest because that is where most of the corn is produced
Term
what are the top 5 cattle feeding states? What percent of cattle to they hold?
Definition
Iowa
Kansas
Nebraska
Colorado
Texas
Hold 74% of the total cattle
Term
What is the goal of the feedlot?
Definition
complete the growing process
promote muscle growth
develop adequate fat
Term
What are the statistics on newly received cattle performance in the feedlot?
Definition
do 90-180 days on feed
gain 3-4 lbs/day
consume 11-22 lbs DMI
6:1 Feed:Gain efficiency
Term
What are typical feedlot rations?
Definition
90% concentrate, 10% roughage
or 60% concentrate, 40% roughage
Term
What products are used for roughage?
Definition
Hay, corn silage, haylage
Term
what products are used for concentrate?
Definition
corn
milo
barley
DDGS or WDGS
WCGF
1-2 lbs of protein, vit, minerals, other
Term
How does Corn compare to distillers grain?
Definition
Corn has 9% CP
DG has 30% CP with 3x fat and fiber
Term
How are feed rations broken down?
Definition
.64-.72 meal/lb energy
11-12% CP
low cost

*develop balanced diet with lowest cost*
Term
What are the 2 objectives for feed?
Definition
1. low cost diet
2. maximize cattle growth/performance
Term
How are steers in the feedlot?
Definition
they are quieter in feedlot, which decreases management costs

also worth more $/cwt
Term
What are the pros and cons of having heifers in the feedlot?
Definition
Pro: more fat (YG)

Con: poor in ADG, FC, and hard to handle when in heat
Term
Why is having heifers in heat bad for feedlot performance?
Definition
eat less, waste energy, lower performance

have potential to get pregnant
Term
How often are heifers in heat? How can you control it?
Definition
every 21 days. can use MGA (progesterone additive).
Term
What are the pros and cons of having bulls in the feedlot?
Definition
good FC and ADG

bad behavior, higher dark cutters, and can get too large of carcasses
Term
What is the solution to having bulls in the feedlot?
Definition
put in smaller groups, treat with growth promoter early to supress testicular.
feed higher energy ration to finish faster.
Term
What are the 4 different management tools?
Definition
Implants, Ionophores, Antibiotics, and Beta Agonists
Term
Why are implants good for cattle?
Definition
increase ADG,FE, and get an estimated return of 15-40 dollars
Term
How long should cattle be on implants? What % of cattle are implanted?
Definition
60-120 days
80-90%
Term
What is the pro and con of giving estrogenic implants?
Definition
It increase efficiency
BUT lowers marbling and tenderness. Also increase dark cutters
Term
What are ionophores used for?
Definition
selects more efficient rumen bacteria.
increase ADG and FE
Term
How are antibiotics useful?
Definition
7% increase in FE and gain
lowers mortality and morbidity by preventing diseases
Term
How do beta agonists work?
Definition
stimulates beta receptors on cell to durect more nutrients into protein synthesis and slow protein degradation
Term
Why are beta agonists benificial?
Definition
have short withdrawl time and increase dressing %, HCW and REA
Term
know how to draw 3 growth curves
Definition
Tissue growth relative to live weight.
Days on feed v. Performance
Feed Efficiency v DOF
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