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BBB Final Exam
Chapters 12, 13, 15 and Sleep
235
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
12/12/2013

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Why is it that birds know when to fly south and squirrels know to put on extra weight before hibernation?
Definition
Endogenous Cycles
Term
Endogenous cycles are ______ _______.
Endogenous means ______ from _______.
Definition
Endogenous cycles are internally regulated.
Endogenous means internally regulated.
Term
What are the two types of Endogenous Cycles?
Definition
Circannual Rhythms and Circadian Rhythms.
Term
Circannual Rhythms
Definition
Rhythms related to how animals prepare themselves for seasonal changes.
Term
Circadian Rhythms- what are they and some examples
Definition
Rhythms related to how an animal prepares itself for changes that last over the course of a day.
Ex. Eating, drinking, hormone release, urination, mood and temperature regulation
Term
Biological Clock is impacted by ______.
Definition
Sunlight (sets our clocks)
Term
What happens to our biological clock without light?
Definition
body rhythm drifts, affecting our biological clock
Term
Zeitberger
Definition
Any stimulus that resets the circadian rhythm
Term
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)
Function?
Consists of?
Part of _____ located ______.
Definition
Controls the biological clock
Consists of ~20k neurons
Part of the hyothalamus, located just above the optic chiasm
Term
How does the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) work?
Definition
It generates circadian rhythms in a genetic manner?
Term
What happens if the SCN is damaged?
Definition
Body rhythms become erratic
Term
Retinohypothalamic Pathway is a special population of _____ ______ leading to the ________. It contains _______.
Definition
Retinohypothalamic Pathway is a special population of ganglion cells leading to the SCN. It contains melopsin.
Term
What allows blind people to have circadian rhythms?
Definition
Melopsin
Term
What is melopsin
Definition
a photopigment that reacts to light in the retinohypothalamic pathway
Term
The Pineal Gland is located _______ the _________ and releases _______.
Definition
The Pineal Gland is located just behind the thalamus and releases melatonin.
Term
"Discovery News" (A phenomenon about how sleep affects our bodies)
Definition
If you don't get enough sleep, you're more at risk for obesity.
Term
How were the cycles of sleep discovered?
Definition
Using EEG
Term
Stage 1 Sleep:
#### _____ waves per second
What is this state characterized by?
Definition
8-12 ALPHA waves per second
Relaxed state but you aren't awake
Term
Stage 2 Sleep:
-Characterized by _____ _____ which is a _____ of #### ____ waves.
-Contains a _______
Definition
Characterized by the SLEEP SPINDLE aka a burst of 12-14 Hz waves.

Contains the K-Complex (sharp wave that marks temporary inhibition of neuronal firing.
Term
K-Complex
Definition
In Stage 2 Sleep: sharp wave that marks temporary inhibition of neuronal firing.
Term
These are the stages of sleep that are both slow wave length sleep
Definition
Stages 3 and 4
Term
Slow Wavelength Sleep (Stage # and #) indicates _________________
Definition
Slow wavelength sleep (Stage 3/4) indicates low activity in the brain
Term
In REM/Paradoxical Sleep, the brain is _____ and the body is ______. (A neurotransmitter called ______) increases causing _____.
Definition
In REM/Paradoxical Sleep, the brain is extremely active, but the body is relaxed. Increases in GABA cut down activity.
Term
What three areas of the brain are particularly active in REM and why?
Definition
Pons, LGN of thalamus, and occipital cortex because of dreaming.
Term
What is the Pons' role in REM sleep?
Definition
It sends signals to the brain that block movement while we sleep.
Term
Sleep Apnea is a type of ______ characterized by _________. It describes periods of _______ that last __________. Its symptoms are ________ and ________.
Definition
Sleep Apnea is a type of insomnia characterized by inadequacy. It consists of periods that last ~1min w/o breathing. Its symptoms are sleepiness during the day and depression.
Term
3 Treatments for Sleep Apnea
Definition
Sleep Mask, Weight Loss, Avoidance of Alcohol
Term
Someone has sudden attacks of sleepiness, or sleep paralysis. Tests show they lack orexin. What's your diagnosis?
Definition
Narcolepsy
Term
Narcoleptics can be treated with ______
Definition
stimulants like ritalin
Term
Cataplexy, sleep paralysis, hallucinations, and sudden attacks of sleepiness are four symptoms of
Definition
Narcolepsy
Term
People with Narcolepsy often lack what neurotransmitter?
Definition
Orexin
Term
Sleep in general is important for ______ and ______ _______.
Definition
Sleep is important for memory and energy conservation.
Term
Patterns recorded in the _______ during learning are recorded in the brain while sleeping.
Definition
Hippocampus
Term
Why do humans sleep at night? (Basic functional reason)
Definition
We rely on vision during the day time.
Term
What is REM sleep particularly important for?
Definition
Consolidating learned motor skills.
Term
What rhythms are related to day to day changes?
Definition
Circadian Rhythms
Term
The part of the brain that is the biological clock is called...
Definition
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)
Term
What is emotion?
Definition
Internal conscious states that we infer about ourselves and others.
Term
What distinction must be made to study emotions?
Definition
Emotions are observable actions, separate from feelings
Term
In order to study emotions we must give them _______ ______ (not the distinction)
Definition
Operational Defintions
Term
What are the three components of an emotional state (and briefly describe the first 2, the third is self evident)?
Definition
1) COGNITION- (something is good or bad)
2) Action- (Accomplished by the Autonomic Nervous System)
3) Feeling
Term
What's the common sense view of how the ANS relates to emotions?
(Stimuli evokes _____. We respond by ____, causing _____.)
Definition
A scary situation leads to fear. We run away which causes an increased Heart Rate
Term
What's James Lange's theory of how the ANS relates to emotions? (Sequence of one/two word steps)
Definition
EVENT>APPRAISAL>ACTION>EMOTIONAL FEELING
Term
Is Physiological arousal NECESSARY for emotions?
What's James Lange's first prediction (deals with autonomic responses and people's emotions)
Definition
People with weak autonomic responses should "feel" less emotion.
Term
What evidence is there for James Lange's first Prediction: "People with weak autonomic responses should "feel" less emotion."
Definition
People with Pure autonomic failure (ANS failure) report emotions but don't feel them. Heart pumps harder when we stand up. Emotions have cognitive and feelings aspects as arousal is necessary for feeling.
Term
Emotions have _____ and ______ aspects, and ______ is necessary for feeling.
Definition
Emotions have COGNITIVE and FEELING aspects, and AROUSAL is necessary for feeling.
Term
Is Physiological arousal SUFFICIENT for emotions? What's James Lange's second prediction?
Definition
Increasing body responses should enhance an emotion.
Term
What evidence is there for James Lange's second Prediction: "Increasing body responses should enhance an emotion."
Definition
1) Panic disorder- Extreme SNS episodes interpreted as fear
2) Smiling increasing happiness
3) Frown experiment- people found photos less pleasant while THEY were frowning
4) Stimulation of frontal cortex in epileptic patient
Term
SNS stands for
Definition
Sympathetic Nervous System
Term
SCN stands for
Definition
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
Term
ANS stands for
Definition
Autonomic Nervous System
Term
Mobius Syndrome
Definition
Characterized by facial paralysis, which makes expressing emotions facially an impossibility.
Term
The Limbic System is a region critical for _______, specifically _________.
Definition
The limbic system is critical for emotion, specifically the amygdala.
Term
The cingulate cortex, hypothalamus, parts of the SS cortex, and PFC are SOME of the key areas of _____ associated with ____
Definition
The cingulate cortex, hypothalamus, parts of the SS cortex, and PFC are SOME of the key areas of ....THE LIMBIC SYSTEM associated with EMOTION
Term
What two things could we use to answer the question "Do different emotions rely on different brain areas?"
Definition
EEG and fMRI
Term
By looking at an fMRI to localize specific emotions to specific parts of the brain, we find that....
Definition
Many areas are activated by different emotions, with significant overlap.
Term
If we were attempting to localize emotions to parts of the brain by having subjects look at photos, listen to stories, and recall emotions associated with their experiences, we would use WHAT TECHNIQUE.
Definition
fMRI
Term
If we were attempting to localize emotions to parts of the brain by measuring activity of brain areas in response to emotional stimuli, we would use WHAT TECHNIQUE.
Definition
EEG
Term
Using EEG to localize emotions to parts of the brain, it was found that...
Definition
DIfferent emotions activate different brain areas, and temporarily deactivate areas.
Term
In localizing parts of the brain for emotional response, it was discovered that through MEDIAL FRONTAL Cortex inactivation, the MFC
Definition
Cannot recognize angry expressions
Term
Through localizing specific emotions to parts of the brain using EEG, it was discovered that DISGUST has a strong localization in the ----
Definition
Insular Cortex
Term
Individuals with more emotional activity in the left hemisphere of the brain tend to be...
Definition
happier and more outgoing
Term
Individuals with more emotional activity in the right hemisphere of the brain tend to be...
Definition
withdrawn, less satisfied, more prone to unpleasant emotions
Term
The right amygdala is activated more than the left by _____/_____.
Definition
Laughter/Crying.
Term
Wada Procedure
Definition
Inactivating a hempisphere during brain surgery
Term
If the right hemisphere is inactive through a Wada Procedure,...
Definition
people do not experience strong emotions
Term
What part of the brain is involved in processes related to Emotions and Decision making?
Definition
Pre Frontal Cortex
Term
The Iowa Gambling task found that people with PFC or amygdala damage.... which leads to....
Definition
have no nervous tension drawing a card in a highly volatile gambling task, which leads to poor decisionmaking as they don't anticipate unpleasantness.
Term
An increase in aggression could be a result of....
Definition
increased testosterone
Term
What hormonal abnormality exists in violent criminals when compared to non violent criminals?
Definition
Violent criminals have abnormally high testosterone levels
Term
Testosterone facilitates activity in what two brain areas, which can ultimately result in violent behavior?
Definition
The Temporal Lobe and the Prefrontal Cortex
Term
Intermittent Explosive Disorder, and an explanation involving a part of the brain and a hormone
Definition
Occasional Outbursts of violent activity w/ little or not provocation. High T leading to abnormalities in the Temporal Lobe
Term
What behavioral impact can a damaged Prefrontal Cortex have?
Definition
Increases in fighting/threatening behavior w/o provocation
Term
The Damasio Case Study found that __________ relies on _____ and _____, and that damage to the _________ can inhibit a person's ability to make simple decisions. (Generalx3, 1xspecific)
Definition
Decisionmaking relies on emotion and reason, and damage to the PFC can ruin a person's simple decisionmaking ability
Term
What relationship exists between 5HT and Aggression?
Definition
Lower Serotonin = Higher Aggression
Term
How was low serotonin release (turnover) studied in 2 non human species, and what was found in the second one (think of a NT)?
Definition
Social Isolation Studies in mice. In monkeys, lowest levels of 5HT were the most aggressive
Term
In studying Serotonin Synapses/Aggression in Humans, Correlational studies found that lower serotonin turnover (5H1AA) was linked to violent behavior and ______
Definition
violent suicide
Term
What's a possible treatment for low serotonin turnover in humans? Why?
Definition
Altering your diet. When diet is high in other AAs, tryptophan can't get through. (This card's a little sketchy on details)
Term
Other than 5HT, what other neurotransmitters/chemicals may be correlated with aggressive behavior in humans?
Definition
Tryptophan and Hyroxylase
Term
Escape Emotions: Fear (definition)
Definition
Tendency to escape from an immediate threat
Term
Escape Emotions: Anxiety (definition)
Definition
General sense that something dangerous might occur
Term
Escape Emotions: Startle Response (definition)
Definition
Built in/unlearned fear. It's more vigorous if you're already tense, like if you're watching a horror movie.
Term
Rodent Studies of the Startle reflex/ fear found that....
Definition
The amygdala is associated with learned fears and anxiety.
Term
Rodent Studies of the Startle reflex/ fear found that Input came through (3 sensory inputs) ...... and output went through (4 brain structures/areas)
Definition
Input: Pain, Vision, Hearing Fibers
Output: Hypothalamus(ANS), PFC, midbrain, pons
Term

With regards to Emotional Behaviors, what happens to mice with damaged Amygdalas?

(Think signal>loud noise>startle response)

Definition
A signal before a loud noise doesn't enhance the startle response.
Term
What is the parasite in dog shit that is associated with a damaged amygdala (POSSIBLE BONUS QUESTION)
Definition
Taxoplasmic Gondii
Term
A monkey with a damaged Amygdala may...
Definition
lose its ability to understand consequences of its behavior. Think back to the first or second exam: Kluver Bucy Syndrome (monkey isn't afraid of snakes)
Term
The bottom line with regards to Amygdala damage is that if your amygdala isn't functioning correctly,
Definition
you will have trouble with LEARNED fear
Term
People with excessive fears tend to have
Definition
OVERACTIVE amygdalas
Term
Drugs that target Amygdala/PFC Synapses: (NT,Chemical neuromodulator something along those lines from another test)
Definition
CCK (Satiety) the main excitatory neuromodulator
Term
What are three forms of evidence for CCK as a drug targeting Amygdala/PFC Synapses?
Definition
1) Resident-Intruder test
2) Block CCK Receptor: Reduces fear/anxiety
3) Inject CCK- Increase Fear/Anxiety
Term
What's the relationship between the satiety neuromodulator CCK and Fear?
Definition
Increased CCK = Increased Fear
Term
Benzodiazepines. What are they used for? What did they replace? What are two (name brand) examples?
Definition
They're anxiety reducing drugs that replaced Barbiturates. Examples are Xanax and Valium
Term
Benzodiazepines modify_____ _______; allow ______ to _____ _____ ______.
Definition
Benzos modify GABA receptors; allow GABA to bind more tightly
Term
2 Side effects of Benzodiazepines
Definition
Sleepiness, impaired memory
Term
What common substance works similarly to Benzodiazepines?
Definition
Alcohol
Term
This is a field that emphasizes the effects of diet, smoking, exercise, and stress on health.
Definition
Behavioral medicine
Term
Can emotions/experiences influence illness and recovery? What field would deal with this phenomenon?
Definition
Yes. Behavioral Medicine.
Term
Stress (definition)
Definition
A non-specific response of the body to any demand made upon it. Events that are interpreted as threatening to an individual which elicit physiological and behavioral responses. (Don't memorize this, should be obvious in multiple choice)
Term
Generalized Adaptation Syndrome and its 3 stages
Definition
Generalized Response to Stress
Stage1: Alarm, increased activity of SNS
Stage2: Reisistance; reduced activity of the ANS. Secretion of cortisol to fight infections
Stage3: Exhaustion: Body is exhausted.
Term
Stress activates what in the ANS quickly
Definition
Fight or Flight
Term
What is the HPA Axis, and the three individual functions
Definition
Hypothalamus: Secretes ACTH
Pituitary: ACTH
Adrenal Cortex: ^Cortisol; metabolic activity
Term
Chronic Stress can be harmful to ____________ and to _______
Definition
immune system and memory formation
Term
What does ACTH stand for
Definition
Adrenocorticopic Hormone
Term
What is the immune system?
Definition
Cells that protect the body against bacteria/viruses.
Term
What is autoimmune disease?
Definition
When the immune system is too strong it can attack itself
Term
4 key components of the immune system (list them)
Definition
B Cells, T cells, Natural Killer Cells, White Blood Cells
Term
B cells mature in ______ and secrete ________
Definition
B cells mature in the bone marrow and secrete antibodies
Term
Y shaped proteins that attach to unfamiliar ANTIGENS and attack the cells that contain them
Definition
Antibodies
Term
T cells mature in the _______ and attack intruders/_____ but don't secrete _______
Definition
T cells mature in the THYMUS and attack INTRUDERS/ANTIGENS but don't secrete ANTIBODIES
Term
What function to cytokines serve?
Definition
Help fight infections
Term
Where are natural Killler Cells? What do they do?
Definition
In the Preoptic Area. They attack tumor cells, deal with intruders
Term
White Blood Cells produce _______ to destroy _______s. They act on the ______ indirectly to elicit appropriate behaviors and are responsible for ________ _________ syndrome.
Definition
White Blood Cells produce ANTIBODIES to destroy PATHOGENS. They act on the BRAIN indirectly to elicit appropriate behaviors and are responsible for GENERAL ADAPTATION syndrome.
Term
What is Psychoneuroimmunology
Definition
The Study of ways in which experiences (stress), immune system, and the CNS interact
Term
What effects do minor and long term stress have on the immune system
Definition
Minor Stress: Decreased appetite and sex drive
Long Term: Synthesis of proteins for the immune system goes down
Term
The Cohen Study found that
Definition
High levels of cortisol can damage hippocampus/memory
Term
Why does PTSD occur in some but not others?
Definition
Correlated with small hippocampus/lower levels of cortisol
Term
Classical Conditioning is often associated with.... And use the abbreviated terms to explain before during and after conditioning.
Definition
Pavlov's dog.
BEFORE: UCS>>>UCR
DURING: UCS+Neutral Stimulus = UCR
AFTER: CS>>>>CR
Term
In Operant Conditioning, a _____ or _______ will increase or decrease the future probability of the same response in the future.
Definition
Reinforcer or Punishment
Term
What is an Engram
Definition
Physiological representation of memory
Term
1. What was Lashley's (wrong) hypothesis about learning, 2. how did he test it, and 3. what did he find?
Definition
Hypothesis: Lashley thought that learning depended on new connections between 2 brain areas.
Test: Lesions w/ knife to the cortex of rats >>mazes
Found: No Major differences unless large portions of brain matter were removed.
Term
Who (2 ppl) does the term Engram refer to most closely in the slides?
Definition
Lashley and Thompson
Term
What two principles did Lashley propose (wrongly) and what do they mean in simple terms?
Definition
1 Equipotentiality: All parts of the cortex contribute equally to learning
2 Mass Action: Cortex works most effectively as a whole
Term
What were the two main flaws with Lashley's approach to finding an Engram?
Definition
1. He never damaged the hippocampus

2. Maze studies were his only method used, and they only employ 1 type of memory
Term
Where did Thompson look for an engram of memory?
Definition
The Cerebellum
Term
What test did Thompson use to look for an engram of memory and what did he find? (what's the key structure, and damage to it did what)
Definition
He looked at eye blink reflexes in rabbits and found the key structure to be the Lateral Interpostius Nucleus because damage to it caused a complete lack of blinking reflex.
Term
What type of process did Thompson use in his experiment on rabbits' blinking?
Definition
He used Classical conditioning to associate CS pen clicking with UCS blowing on eye to make pen clicking cause an eye blink.
Term
What are the three types of Memory? (Just list)
Definition
1. Short Term (Working)
2. Long Term
3. Consolidation
Term
What brain structure is involved with Short Term/Working memory?
Definition
Prefrontal Cortex PFC
Term
What is Consolidation? What's more likely to become consolidated?
Definition
The form of memory where ST memories are strengthened to the point that they commit to LT memories. Meaningful info attached to emotion is more likely to be consolidated.
Term
What are the two types of LT memory (list)?
Definition
Explicit (Declarative)

Implicit (Non Declarative)
Term
What is Explicit (Delclarative) memory
Definition
Type of LT memory. Conscious memories that can be described in words. Semantic or Episodic.
Term
What is Implicit (Non Declarative) Memory
Definition
Unconscious LT memory. Procedural, or reflexive
Term
What part of the brain is involved in Consolidation of ST to LT memory?
Definition
Hippocampus
Term
Amnesia
Definition
Memory Loss produced by brain damage
Term
HM/ Clive Wearing
What was done to him and why?
What was the result? (Still intact and lost)
Definition
1. Had hippocampus and surrounding tissue removed to treat epilepsy.
2. Reduced epilepsy, but memory loss.
Lost Anterograde memories/ability to form explicit memories

He still had most retrograde memories and could form new implicit memories.
Term
In testing the role of the Hippocampus in episodic memory, what two tests were done on what species?
Definition
Delayed-Match-To-Sample Task: Primates

Smelly Pile Test: Rats/Mice
Term
What tests were performed to determine the hippocampus' role in Spatial memory on what humans and non humans?
Definition
Humans: Cab Driver Study

Non Humans: Radial Arm Maze and Morris Water Maze
Term
What did the Cab Driver Study find?
Definition
Hippocampus takes in large amount of navigation information important to Spatial Memory.
Term
What happened in the Radial Arm Maze test?
Definition
Rats with a damaged Hippocampus entered the same arm more than once.
Term
What did the Morris Water Maze find?
Definition
Rats with a damaged hippocampus took a longer time to find the platform to get out of the water
Term
What memory functions is the Basal Ganglia important for?
Definition
Habit Learning and Implicit memory
Term
What part of the brain is important for habit learning and implicit memory?
Definition
The Basal Ganglia
Term
People with Parkinson's have trouble making new _______ memories, because of damage to the _________
Definition
Implicit memories; basal ganglia
Term
What part of the brain is important for emotional learning (fear)?
Definition
The Amygdala
Term
The amygdala is important for what type of learning
Definition
emotional learning (fear)
Term
What type of learning is the Parietal Lobe important for? (Not technical)
Definition
Piecing info together
Term
What type of learning is the Temporal Lobe important for?
Definition
Semantic Memory
Term
What type of learning is the Prefrontal Cortex important for? (not exactly technical)
Definition
Rewards and Punishments (learning)
Term
Korsakoff's Syndrome
Definition
Brain damage caused by thiamine/vit B deficiency that results in brain cell loss causing memory loss/confusion
Term
People with Korsakoff's Syndrome have better _____ memory than ______ memory.
Definition
Better Implicit/unconscious than Explicit/conscious
Term
Confabulation definition and what syndrome
Definition
Misinterpreted memories; Korsakoff's Syndrome
Term
If someone misinterprets memories, has trouble remembering semantic information, and has a vitamin B deficiency what would you diagnose them with?
Definition
Korsakoff's Syndrome
Term
Alzheimer's Disease: Prevalence in 65-74 year olds? In People over 85?
Definition
65-74: 5%
over 85: 50%
Term
What protein abnormalities are responsible for alzheimers?
Definition
PLAQUES of AMYLOID on AXONS/DENDRITES

TANGLES of TAU in CELL BODIES
Term
5 steps for treatment/prevention of Alzheimer's
Definition
1. Stimulate ACh receptors (STIM ACH)
2. Take Antioxidants (ANTIOXIDANTS)
3. Stimulate Cannabinoid receptors (CANNABINOID)
4. Increase Blood Glucose (BLOOD SUGAR)
5. Ingest an Indian Spice called Curcumin (INDIAN)
Term
What term refers to "Storing information in the Nervous System?"
Definition
SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY
Term
How did Hebb's proposed mechanism for change at the synapse work with regards to storing information in the NS?
Definition
Repeated Stim of Presynaptic Neuron>>>Stim of Postsyn N

Should lead to some growth in one or both cells, increasing ability of Pre to excite Post
Term
Hebb's proposed mechanism can be boiled down to:...
Definition
Each time you repeat a thought or action, you strengthen the connection between neurons A and B
Term
What's the Professor's catchphrase for Hebb's proposed mechanism for change at the synapse (storing info in the nervous system)?
Definition
"Neurons that fire together, wire together"
Term
Aplysia and what they're good for
Definition
Sea Slugs; popular animal for the study of Physiology of Learning
Term
Why are Aplysia good for studying the physiology of learning?
Definition
They have few, but LARGE neurons which are easy to look at. They also have a strong WITHDRAWAL RESPONSE to TOUCH
Term
Habituation
Definition
Reduced responsiveness to a stimulus that's presented repeatedly
Term
Sensitization and funnyish example
Definition
Increased Responsiveness to a mild stimulus after an intense stimulus
e.g. Sibling punches you. Sibling lightly punches you and you react as if it was stronger because you were expecting more.
Term
Long-term Potentiation (LTP), def, aka
Definition
INCREASED responsiveness at a SNYNAPSE resulting from rapid stimulation (Sensitization)
Term
EXAM QUESTION: 3 Properties of LTP (Just list to start)
Definition
Specificity, Cooperativity, Associativity
Term
EXAM QUESTION: What is Specificity?
Definition
Specificity is a property of LTP, where only active synapses become strengthened.
Term
EXAM QUESTION: What is Cooperativity?
Definition
Cooperativity is a property of LTP, where nearly simultaneous stimulation of >/= 2 axons results in LTP
Term
EXAM QUESTION: What is Associativity?
Definition
Associativity is a property of LTP, where pairing a weak input with a strong input enhances later response to the weak input.
Term
LTD (two synonyms and definition)
Definition
REDUCED responsiveness at a synapse. AKA Depression, AKA Habituation
Term
LTD results from....
Definition
activity at a low frequency
Term
Weak Stimulus at the Synapse>>> Less likely to fire = what phenomenon?
Definition
LTD/Depression
Term
Strong Stimulus at the Synapse>>>>More likely to Fire = what phenomenon?
Definition
LTP/ Long Term Potentiation
Term
AMPA receptors in the Hippocampus ____ _____ channels
Definition
open Na+ channels
Term
NMDA receptors in the Hippocampus:
____ blocks the channel
______ ______ leads to _____ leaving
_______ and _____ enter
Definition
MG+ blocks the channel
Partial Depolarization>>>>Mg+ leaves
Na+ and Ca++ enter
Term
_____ is critical for LTP
Definition
Ca+
Term
CaMKII, CAMP Kinases II
Definition
Ca++ activates LTP via activating these two
Term
Ca++ activates LTP via activating CaMKII, CAMP Kinases II:
makes AMPA receptors more responsive to _________
Definition
glutamate
Term
Ca++ activates LTP via activating CaMKII, CAMP Kinases II:
makes _____ receptors more responsive to glutamate
Definition
AMPA
Term
Ca++ activates LTP via activating CaMKII, CAMP Kinases II:
Increasing the number of ______ receptors
Definition
AMPA receptors
Term
Ca++ activates LTP via activating CaMKII, CAMP Kinases II:
Increasing the number of ________ __________
Definition
dendritic branches
Term
Ca++ activates LTP via activating CaMKII, CAMP Kinases II:
Increasing the production of _______ ________
Definition
NMDA receptors
Term
LTD occurs via __________
Definition
processes opposite of LTP
Term
LTD occurs via:
a. Shrinking of ________
b. Decreasing the number of ______ _______
Definition
a. Shrinking of dendrites
b. Decreasing the number of Synaptic Receptors
Term
Presynaptic Changes in Hippocampus:
Stimulation of Postsynaptic cell releases _____ _____
Definition
Retrograde NT
Term
A decreased threshold for producing Action Potentials and Increase in NT release is the result of....
Definition
The postsynaptic cell releasing Retrograde Neurotransmitters
Term
Drugs that block LTP ______ _______
Definition
block learning
Term

Drugs that facilitate LTP ______ ______

(Verb, noun; very general)

Definition
enhance learning
Term
Increasing Blood flow may _____ ______. Example?
Definition
Increasing blood flow may enhance memory. Caffein and Ritalin are examples.
Term
What % of the population has major depressive disorder at any given time? What % will experience it during lifetime?
Definition
5%; 10%
Term
Relationship between Serotonin and Depression
Definition
Low 5HT = High depression, high aggression
Term
One gene linked to Major Depressive disorder leads to a ____% reduction in the ability to produce 5HT.
Definition
80%
Term
Another gene linked to Major Depressive Disorder controls the ____ transporter. Those with short form Major Depressive Disorder are more likely to have depression after ______
Definition
5HT; stress.
Term
What % of mothers experience post partum depression?
Definition
20%
Term
Major Depression is correlated with DECREASEDorINCREASED activity in LEFTorRIGHT ___Cortex and DEC/INC in L/R ____Cortex
Definition
MD corr. w/ DEC activity in Left PFC, and INC act in R PFC
Term
Borna Disease
Definition
Frantic activity/inactivity (like bipolar) in Horses.
Term
____ % of people w/ depression or schizophrenia test positive for borna disease
Definition
30%
Term
Tricyclics treat depression by preventing the neuron from reabsorbing _____, ___, and _____ after release.
Definition
5HT, DA, NE
Term
________ treat depression by preventing the neuron from reabsorbing 5HT, DA, NE.
Definition
Term
Side effects of Tricyclics: (2)
Overdose?
Definition
Drowsiness, drymouth
can be fatal
Term
POSSIBLE BONUS: MAO stands for
Definition
Monoamine Oxidase
Term
MAOIs inhibit breakdown of ___, ____, _____ and require patients to _______ because of ___ __ ____
Definition
5HT, DA, NE; have a strict diet b/c of blood pressure
Term
SSRI stands for
Definition
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor
Term
Examples of SSRIs and Side effects (2)
Definition
Prozac, Celexa, Paxil

Weight Gain, Dry Mouth
Term
SNRI inhibit reuptake of what?
Example (1)
Definition
5HT/NE
Cymbalta
Term
Atypical Depressants inhibit reuptake of what?
One example?
Definition
DA and NE
Wellbutrin
Term
St Johns Wort's drawback
Definition
reduces effectiveness of other drugs
Term
Benefit of Psychotherapy, Disadvantage is ____ work better for ______.
Definition
Less likely to relapse vs drugs alone

Dis: drugs work better for Dysthymia
Term
ECT (Major depressive Treatment)
what? How often? Disadvantage?
Definition
Treatment through electrical shocks. Every other day for two weeks. Disadvantage is high relapse
Term
Changing sleep patterns in what two ways can help treat major depressive and how
Definition
one night total sleep deprivation/ going to sleep earlier than normal in order to reset biological clock via circadian rhythms
Term
Bipolar I is characterized by:
Bipolar II is characterized by:
Definition
Full blown mania
Milder mania e.g. shopping sprees
Term
Two treatments (drugs) for bipolar.
Definition
Lithium and anticonvulsant drugs
Term
Lithium and anticonvulsant drugs work by ____ synthesis of _____ _______
Definition
blocking synthesis of Arachadonic Acid
Term
The DSM IV defines Schizophrenia as the ______ ability to ____ in ______ _______.
Definition
deteriorating ability to function in daily life
Term
Positive symptoms of schizophrenia exist in two _______s. They are, and consist of...
Definition
Psychotic Cluster: Delusions and Hallucinations

Disorganized Cluster: Inappropriate emotions, bizarre behavior, thought disorder
Term
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia example:
Definition
Weak emotional experience/response
Term
______ Schizophrenia: _____ onset; _____ chance at returning to normal.
______ Schizophrenia: _____ onset; _____ chance at returning to normal.
Definition
Acute Schizo: sudden, good chance at recovery
Chronic: gradual, no chance
Term
A _____ diagnosis is important for Schizo b/c_____
Definition
Differential diagnosis because its symptoms resemble many other disorders
Term
A differential diagnosis of schizophrenia needs to rule out mood disorder w/ psychotic features, ______ ______, _____ ____, and _____ _____
Definition
mood disorder w/ psychotic features
substance abuse
brain damage
nutritional abnormalities like scurvy
Term
Schizo twin studies DZ or MZ is greater prevalence?
Definition
Term
_______ controls the rate of new neuron production in the hippocampus. It's a possible gene identified with a cause of schizophrenia.
Definition
DISC1
Term
Hypothesis for Schizphrenia cause: May be due to more ______ or _______ in genetic code.
Definition
Microdeletions or microduplications
Term
Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis of Schizophrenia: It may be due to prenatal or neonatal abnormalaities like (what 3)
Definition
1. Rh compatibility (blood type)
2. Season birth effect/ getting sick
3. Birth complications
Term
Schizophrenia may be due to what 2 mild brain abnormalities
Definition
1. Structural differences
2. Cell body size abnormalities
Term
Schizophrenic's possible structural differences in what three brain areas?
Definition
smaller PFC, smaller ventricles, abnormal hemispheres
Term
Dopamine hypothesis of cause of schizophrenia
Definition
may be caused by overactivity at DA synapses
Term
Antipsychotic durgs _____ ____ receptors.

examples: (hard to spell so approx)
Definition
block DA receptors

phenothazines, butyrophenones (halperidol)
Term
Drugs that provoke SZ symptoms increase activity at ____ synapses.
Definition
DA
Term
SZ brains tend to have more _____ receptors
Definition
DA
Term
SZ is characterized by abnormally low levels of
Definition
glutamate
Term
Possible explanation for SZ: Fewer ______ receptors in PFC and hippocampus
Definition
glutamate
Term
In Schizophrenics, PCP effects block _____ _____ receptors
Definition
NMDA glutamate
Term
The target system of the search for improved Schizophrenia drugs
Definition
THe target is the Mesolimbocortical DA System
Term
Tardive Dyskinesia brain pathway:
Definition
Substantia Nigra
Term
Search for improved SZ drugs: Atypical Antipsychotics' side effects
Definition
diabetes, immune system impairment
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