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Basic Pathology
Anatomical Pathology Lecture 1 to 8
41
Medical
Undergraduate 2
01/13/2017

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Term
Repair
Definition
restoration of tissue architecture and function after injury
Term
Repair occurs thru two methods namely ?
Definition
a. regeneration by proliferation of residual cells

b. maturation of tissue stem cells and deposition of connective tissue to form a scar
Term
Regeneration
Definition
ability to replace damaged components returning to normal state
Term
How does regeneration Occur
Definition
Proliferation of cells that survive injury and retain capacity to replicate
Term
Examples of regeneration?
Definition
Rapidly dividing epithelia of skin and intestines and in some parenchymal organs notably the liver. plus tissue stem cells in some cases
Term
Fibrosis
Definition
extensive deposition of collagen as a consequence of chronic inflammation
Term
Ability of tissues to replicate is determined in part by ?
Definition
their intrinsic proliferative capacity
Term
Labile tissues
Definition
cell tissue is constantly lost and replaced by maturation from tissue stem cells and by proliferation of mature cells
Term
Labile tissues examples (6)
Definition
1.hematopoietic cells in bone marrow
2.surface epithelia
3.Stratified squamous epithelia(skin ,oral ,vagina)
4.cuboidal epithelia of ducts draining exocrine glands
5.columnar epithelia ( git tract,uterus ,fallopian)
6.transitional epithelia of urinary tract
Term
Stable / Quiescent tissues
Definition
cells are capable of dividing in response to injury or loss of tissue mass.
Term
Stable tissue examples
Definition
Solid tissues of liver , kidney and pancreas
plus endothelial cells,fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells
Term
Permanent tissues
Definition
Terminally differentiated and non proliferative in postnatal life
Term
Permanent tissues examples
Definition
neurons and cardiac muscle cells
Term
Steps of repair by tissue deposition (5)
Definition
Inflammation
Angiogenisis
Migration and proliferation of fibroblasts
scar formation
connective tissue remodeling
Term
Two types of wound healing
Definition
first intention
second intention
Term
First Intention Characteristics
Definition
epithelial regeneration is the mechanism of repair . less evassive injury . scarring is minimal
Term
Second Intention Characteristics
Definition
combination of regeneration plus scarring
healing takes longer .
large wound margins far apart
Term
Inadequate formation of granulation or assembly of a scar results in ?
name 2 terms.
Definition
Wound dehiscence and ulceration
Term
Hypertophic sars and keloids are formed by ?
Definition
excessive formation of the componenets of the repair process
Term
Growth
Definition
increse in size resulting from increase in synthesis of specific tissue components
Term
Multiplicative Growth
Definition
increase in number of cells by mitotic division present during embryogenesis
Term
Auxetic growth
Definition
Increased size of individual cells . eg skeletal muscle
Term
Accretionary growth
Definition
increase in intracellular components . eg . bone cartlage
Term
Differentiation
Definition
cell develops an overt specialized function or morphology which distinguishes it from parent cell
Term
Factors Controlling growth (4)
Definition
1. Endocrinological factors (growth factors ,hormones)
2.Genetics (disorders Proportionate ,disproportionate)
3.Nutritional factors (maternal malnutrition)
5.Environmental factors (maternal smoking)
Term
Embryonic differentiation is controlled by (5)
Definition
genes . systemic hormones . position within the fetus .local growth factors. matrix proteins
Term
Maintenance of cell in differentiated state occurs via ? (3)
Definition
paracrine .aoutocrine. extracellular matrix secreted by cell
Term
Healing
Definition
A response to a wound ,inflammatory process or necrosis in an organ not capable of regenerating
Term
Cell Cycle
Definition
G0 . resting terminally differentiated are permanently in this phase and cant enter cell cycle
G1. first gap . presynaptic
S. DNA synthesis
G2. Premitotic
M . CEll division occurs
Term
Cyclins
Definition
Control cell cell cycle once cell enters . defined as proteins that control the progression of cells through the cell cycle by activating cyclin-dependent kinases
Term
Stem Cell
Definition
Cells with self renewal capacity , exhibit assymetric replication
Term
Pluripotent
Definition
can give rise to all tissues in the body
Term
Niche
Definition
special areas in tissue where adult stem cells are found
Term
Reversable Injury
Definition
Early stages or mild from of injury
damaging stimulus removed
Term
Hallmarks of reversable injury (2)
Definition
1. Reduced Oxidative phosphorylation ( ATP depletion)
2.Cell swelling
Term
Steatosis
Definition
abnormal accumulation of lipid droplets in the prarenchymal cells of organs
Term
Necrosis
Definition
unregulated form of cell death . characterized by disruption of membrane .digestion of cell content by lysosomal enzymes and leakage leading to inflammation.
Term
Apoptosis
Definition
Programmed cell death . rapid cell debris removal with no inflammation
Term
Hypoxia
Definition
deficiency of oxygen which leads to cell injury by reducing oxidative respiration
Term
Ischemia
Definition
Ischemia is an insufficient supply of blood to an organ, usually due to a blocked artery
Term
Causes of Cell Injury (7)
Definition
Oxygen deprivation.physical agents. chemical agents and drugs. infectious agents. immunological reactions
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