Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Baroque Art Terms
Terms for Baroque Art
117
Art History
Undergraduate 1
02/21/2011

Additional Art History Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Barocco
Definition
A jeweler's term for irregularly shaped; bizarre; from Portuguese.
Term
Perles Baroques
Definition
Baroque pearls; pearl was thought of as a reliable indicator of good health.
Term
Council of Trent
Definition

Met over 18 years, made rules to bring the power back to the Church by banning nudity in art and holding clergy to high standards.

The Catholic Church decided to fight back against the reformation, belived that art should be theatrical.

Rules for art: No nudity, must tell Christian story with clarity, used for religious instruction.

Term
Inquisition
Definition
Church enforcement of its rules and laws, pursuit after anything that would be a threat to the Christian faith.
Term
Martin Luther
Definition
Catholic priest who stopped agreeing with the Catholic Church on many terms; broke off from the Church, stapled his 95 theses to a church door, and started a new branch of Christianity, Lutheranism (which was considered to be heresy).
Term
Reformation
Definition
Protestant attempt to break off from Rome and establish its own church; followed by the counter-reformation by the Catholics.
Term
Stendhal Syndrome
Definition
"The frustrated and tired tourist"; described that people can have "art attacks" when exposed to a lot of art at once or to particularly beautiful works.
Term
Sack of Rome
Definition
Imperial army of Charles V enters Rome, burns and loots the city. The Pope had offended the emperor so it was for revenge, may have led to the euphoria and excitement of the Baroque period.
Term
Giorgio Vasari
Definition
First art historian; believed that the position of Christ's arm in The Last Judgment is damning people to Hell, but some believe that the gesture of his arm has ambiguity and not sure of his intention in the painting.
Term
Tommaso Calvalieri
Definition
Person who Michelangelo used as a model for Christ in The Last Judgment.
Term
Pietro Aretino
Definition
A blackmailer who wrote a letter to Michelangelo who said that he must paint him within The Last Judgment or he would tel the world that Michelangelo is a homosexual; as a response, Michelangelo paints him skinning the self-portrait of Michelangelo.
Term
Biagio de Cesena
Definition
Started the "Fig Leaf Campaign" which was organized by several cardinals to remove the frescoes; believed it was shameful for a sacred place such as a church to have nudity depicted. In The Last Judgment, Michelangelo painted him with asses' ears being dragged into Hell.
Term
Daniele da Volterra
Definition
Hired to put pants on figures in The Last Judgment; called "the breeches maker"; was a student of Michelangelo.
Term
"Il Braghettone"
Definition
"The breeches maker": nickname given to Daniele de Volterra for putting pants on figures in The Last Judgment.
Term
Pope Leo X
Definition
One of the four Medici popes; the last non-priest to be elected pope. Known primarily for the sale of indulgences to reconstruct St. Peter's Basilica and his challenging of Martin Luther's 95 Theses.
Term
Indulgence
Definition
People could buy their salvation, buy out their sins. Abuses in selling and granting indulgences were a major point of contention for Martin Luther.
Term
95 Theses
Definition
Made by Martin Luther; one of the points was that the sale of indulgences is wrong.
Term
Diet of Worms
Definition
Enforcement of the ban on the 95 Theses, fell to the secular authorities. Martin Luther appeared as ordered before the Diet of Worms.
Term
Heroic Rape
Definition
In Rape of the Sabine Women, theft of property (not sex) since the body of the girl did not belong to herself but to her father.
Term
Figura Serpentina
Definition
Complex Mannerist intertwining of figures.
Term
Dr. Nicolaes Tulp
Definition
Famous doctor in Amsterdam.
Term
Simplicio
Definition
Simple-minded one.
Term
Bomarzo
Definition
Monster park.
Term
Pirro Ligorio
Definition
Architect of Monster Park.
Term
Vicino Orsini
Definition
The lord of Bomarzo. Hunchback condottiero and patron of the arts; when his wife died, he created the Monster Park gardens.
Term
Protestants
Definition
Those who protested against the Catholic Church; sent shock waves all across Europe, literally changes the world.
Term
Jesuits
Definition
Followers of the teachings of the Catholic Church. Sometimes known colloquially as "God's marines"; known in the fields of education, intellectual research, and cultural pursuits in addition to missionary work.
Term
Ignatius of Loyola
Definition
The Jesuits' military-oriented religious leader. Wanted to liberate the Holy Lands, convert Muslims, proposed new religious order which was approved in the 1530s.
Term
Pope Paul III
Definition
Ordered The Last Judgment. "Last Humanist Pope." His Jesuit followers volunteered to go anywhere at any time.
Term
Altar of St. Ignatius
Definition
Holds tomb of St. Ignatius. Greatest example of Baroque architecture. Richest altar of the Baroque.
Term
Andrea Pozzo
Definition
Jesuit lay preacher and architect. Made the Altar of St. Ignatius.
Term
Lapis Lazuli
Definition
Gem that is more valuable than gold. Used in the Altar of St. Ignatius.
Term
Religion
Definition
A set of beliefs concerning the cause, nature, and purpose of life and the universe.
Term
Theocracy
Definition
Government by god/religion.
Term
John Calvin
Definition
Swiss reform leader who opposesart. Wanted Geneva to be like the Kingdom of God on earth. Wrote that Rome had "destroyed the glory of Christ in many ways."
Term
Ulrich Zwingli
Definition
Founder of the Reformation in Switzerland who drives music and art out of Zurich. Saw art as a Catholic thing.
Term
Great Idolomachy of Basel
Definition
Event in which art was destroyed, religion art abandoned. Group of conservative Protestants all art (everything that was considered Catholic).
Term
Iconoclasts
Definition
"Image breakers." People who are in favor of destroying art (mostly Protestants).
Term
Iconodules
Definition
"Image venerators." Believed that one could contemplate on an image and pray to Mary, saints, etc. Mostly Catholics.
Term
Calvinism
Definition
Conservative Christianity that bears the name of 16th century French reformer. Anti-art: saw art as materialist vanity.
Term
Biblioclasm
Definition
Book burning.
Term
Counter-Reformation
Definition
Catholics' rebuttal to Protestant challenge. Catholics became militant (this is when Jesuits came along).
Term
Center of the World
Definition
Rome.
Term
Lutheranism
Definition
Used as a derogatory term during the Baroque; referred to those opposing Catholicism (considered a sin).
Term
St. Robert Bellarmine
Definition
Leading theologian who tried to take the lessons from the Council of Trent and put them into religious doctrine. Wrote Disputations on the Controversies of the Christian Faith. Defended Galileo but then reversed his position. His body is now a relic.
Term
"Forty Hours Devotionals"
Definition
Spiritual exercises designed to encourage public participation, to use all of the senses (music, visuals, etc). Churches became stages for extravagant theatrical productions.
Term
"Spiritual Exercises"
Definition
Celebratory, triumphal statement of the Catholic Church.
Term
San Filippo Neri
Definition
Also known as Apostle of Rome; Italian priest noted for founding a society of secular priests called the "Congregation of the Oratory." Corrupt Church offered more rules that seemed detached from real people.
Term
Oratory
Definition
Catholic lay group using music and song to bring in the faithful.
Term
Death of Old Rome
Definition
Baroque means death of old world order and new way of living; graveyard of old or foundation of the new. Over 400 churches built or rebuilt.
Term
Vanitas
Definition
Symbolic representation of inevitable death.
Term
Capuchins
Definition
Minor order of Franciscan monks.
Term
Giordano Bruno
Definition
"Rome's favorite heretic." Dominican monk who has the distinction of being banished from the Catholic Church. Joins the Lutherans, later is excommunicated. Tries to join Calvinists, is also banished by them. Arrested in Venice, sent to Rome where he is imprisoned and tortured. Questioned church doctrine.
Term
Jacob Burckardt
Definition
First to use the term "Baroque style." Swiss historian who defined Renaissance as period from Giotto to Michelangelo, saw it as the Birth of Modern Humanity.
Term
Cicerone
Definition
Old term for a guide; one who conducts sightseers and visitors to museums/galleries.
Term
Heinrich Wolfflin
Definition
Burckardt's student. Catergorized the unseeingly uncategorizable art of the Italian 16th century. His book Renaiisance und Barock (1888) introduced Baroque as a stylistic category.
Term
Salvator Rosa
Definition
Artist who wanted to be more intellectual, but realized that the public market tended to go for violent and bizarre art. Considered the new generation of Caravaggio.
Term
Malleus Maleficarum
Definition
"Hammer of Witches." Infamous witch-hunting manual used by both Catholics and Protestants. Outlines how to identify a witch, what makes a woman more likely to be one than a man, how to prosecute witches-->basically, how to purify the faith.
Term
Index Librorum Prohibitorum
Definition
Catholic Church's "List of Prohibited Books."
Term
Pierre Le Gros
Definition
French sculptor who adhered more to the Italian style and who dramatically transformed the legacy of Bernini. Culmination of Baroque theatricality.
Term
Cesare Ripa
Definition
Wrote Iconologia, secret symbols.
Term
Prix de Rome
Definition
Scholarship for art students astablished in 1663 under Louis XIV. Le Gros wins the prize in 1686 at age 20.
Term
French Academy
Definition
Le Gros is rejected in 1695.
Term
Gabriele Paleotti
Definition
Italian cardinal and archbishop of Bologna. Pope Pius IV sent him to the Council of Trent, comparing his activity at Bologna to that of Charles Borromeo at Milan. Wrote Discorso intorno alle immagini sacre e profane, was the most comprehensive and influential Italian attempt to explain the decisions of the Council of Trent concerning sacred art.
Term
Pompeii
Definition
Ancient Roman town destroyed by Mt. Vesuvius in 79 AD. Baroque censorship tries to ignore unearthing of artwork with cover-up-->Church's zero tolerance of any "forbidden" images.
Term
Felice de Fredis
Definition
Farmer who discovered Laocoon. Granted money from tolls of the San Giovanni Gate as pension.
Term
Belvedere Court
Definition
Houses the Vatican collection of ancient art. Becomes a showcase for the Vatican pride of classical art. Controversy over whether "pagan art" should be put on display.
Term
Lynn Catterson
Definition
Columbia art historian who has suggested that the sculpture Laocoon is a forgery perpetrated by Michelangelo.
Term
Thirty Years War
Definition
One of the most destructive conflicts in European history. Fought primarily in what is now Germany and at various points involved most of the European countries. Popes were not invited to fight in this war; it was a slam against the Catholic Church.
Term
Jacques Callot
Definition
Published "Miseries and Misfortunes of War" in 1633. Most powerful artistic statements of the inhumanity of war. During his career, he produced 1400 etchings that chronicled the life of his period, featuring soldiers, clowns, drunkards, Gypsies, beggars, as well as court life.
Term
Battle of White Mountain
Definition
Protestants outnumbered Catholics. Catholic forces carried a little painting of the Virgin Mary; they were unbeatable ("God's army"). Catholic victory.
Term
Transverberation
Definition
Mystical state of unity with God.
Term
Cardinal Del Monte
Definition
Medici representative in Rome. Early patron of Caravaggio. Ambitious of being elected Pope, but his pro-Frenchy sympathies ensured his veto by the Spanish.
Term
Napoleonic Loot
Definition
Packed up artworks and shipped to Paris. Most of the treasures were later sent back to Italy.
Term
Tenebrism
Definition
Shadow painting-->paint some light, but not all of it; kind of faded light.
Term
Francesco Milizia
Definition
18th century Neo-Classical architect. "Borromini in architecture, Bernini in sculture, and Cortona in paintings are all a plague."
Term
San Carlino
Definition
Borromini's San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane. Expesses the zeal and celebratory wonderment of the Catholic Reformation.
Term
Trinitarians
Definition
Catholic religious order.
Term
Hadrian's Villa
Definition
Borromini's inspiration. Pumpkin domes.
Term
Genre Art
Definition
Dark, dirty streets of Rome. Forbidden subjects. In the gutter. Cult of the ugly. The underbelly. Contrast between rich and poor.
Term
Santa Maria della Scala
Definition
"Saint Mary of the Stairs." One of two churches dedicated to prostitutes.
Term
Chiaroscuro
Definition
Light & dark. Artistic technique to get rhythm and strong contrasts through contrasts of light and dark.
Term
Laocoon
Definition
Work of art discovered during the Baroque period. Find of the century; one of the most influential works of art for Baroque. Further fueled the Renaissance dream of returning Rome to its former grandeur. Different, emotional, theatrical, very Baroque-style.
Term
Oratorians
Definition
Movers and shakers; have what is called "stability," which means they are committed as members of the community of a particular Oratory.
Term
Chiesa Nuova
Definition
Symbol of the Catholic Church's renewal. "New Church."
Term
Lena
Definition
Well-known prostitute and model. Was a model for several of Caravaggio's paintings, most notably Death of the Virgin.
Term
Pope Gregory XIII
Definition
Known as the "Calendar Pope"-->Gregorian calendar. Made rule that bishops must take up residence in their sees; updated the Index of Forbidden Books; no-nonsense pope.
Term
Lavinia Fontana
Definition
Most significant and prolific woman artist of the Baroque. Some of her works were downright bizarre.
Term
Gregorian Calendar
Definition
Calendar instituted by Pope Gregorian XIII. Dropped 10 days,m between Sept. 2 and 13. Abandoned old Julian calendar.
Term
Julian Calendar
Definition
Calendar in use since 45 BC. Every year we lose 11 minutes and 14 seconds. In 1572, the calendar was 10 days out of sync, so the Gregorian calendar came about, which was not accepted by German Lutherans, Church of England, or Russians, until 1917.
Term
James Ussher
Definition
Archbishop of Armagh, Ireland. In 1650, said creation took place Sunday, October 23rd, 4004 BC, by the Julian calendar.
Term
The Chinese Rites
Definition
Controversial dispute within the Catholic Church over whether Chinese folk religion rites and offerings to the emperor constitutied idolatry. Decided that Chinese folk religion and Catholicism were not compatible.
Term
Pieter Isaacsz
Definition
Danish painter who was counted amongst the foremost painters of the Baroque. Court painter of Christian IV. Served as agent & spy.
Term
King Christian IV
Definition
King of Denmark-Norway. Remembered as one of the most remarkable Danish kings, having initiated many reforms and projects. Domestic reforms, build up navy, commissioned expeditions to North America.
Term
Carlo Saraceni
Definition
Local artist who produced several bodies of art that no one really paid attention to. Very traditional style--ignored because of lack of scandals/innovations.
Term
Calendar Pope
Definition
Pope Gregory XIII
Term
Gregory XIIII
Definition
In Prospero Antichi's original monument to Gregory XIII, an extra 'I' was simply added to make it a monument to Gregory XIIII (XIV).
Term
Pope Sixtus V
Definition

Responsible for commissioning the Dome of St. Peter's, among several other buildings.

1. Papal palaces

2. Monte: paying for Baroque (sale of indulgences, papal bonds)

3. Dome of St. Peter's

4. Acque Felice (symbol that Rome & Catholic Church are back; reestablishment of aqueducts)

5. War on prostitution

6. Vatican obelisk

Term
Monte
Definition
Method of paying for Baroque works, such as through the sale of indulgences and papal bonds.
Term
Giacomo della Porta
Definition
Finished St. Peter's dome, which became a  symbol of world dominion by the Catholic Church over all.
Term
Acque Felice
Definition
Aqueduct commissioned by Pope Sixtus V that was  symbol of the return of Rome and the Catholic Church.
Term
Leonardo Sormani
Definition
Student of Antichi who produced the Moses statue on the Aqua Felice, considered to be one of the ugliest statues of the Baroque, but everyone thought the statue was produced by Antichi.
Term
Prospero Antichi
Definition
Artist best known for the monument to Pope Gregory XIIII (by simply adding an 'I').
Term
Mostra
Definition
Terminal for acqueducts.
Term
Michelangelismo
Definition
Fascination with Michelangelo and his style.
Term
Ortaccio
Definition
Red light district (sex for sale).
Term
Domenico Fontana
Definition
Papal architect responsible for moving the Vatican Obelisk to its present site in front of St. Peter's. In 1599, he unearthed a few more frescoes in Naples (Pompeii) but then covered them again because of explicit sexual content.
Term
"Water on the Ropes"
Definition
Story about how the Vatican Obelisk was being lowered on ropes during its transportation; the ropes became overheated because of friction; a Bordhigera sailor yelled out this phrase, risking his life because everyone working on the obelisk was instructed to be quiet or put to death.
Term
Absolutism
Definition
Divine right to rule.
Term
Triumphalist
Definition
Attitude of the Baroque because during this time many new innovations came about, Catholic power instituted, wars won.
Term
Oliver Cromwell
Definition
Military and political leader best known in England for his overthrow of the monarchy and temporarily turning England into a republican Commonwealth. Banned Christmas, theatre, sold Royal Art Collection and gets rid of all "sinful" things. Quoted as saying that his portrait was to be painted "warts and all"--a far cry from the whole "man as the measure of all things" deal.
Term
Guido Reni
Definition
Baroque artist who started taking Caravaggio's style, but stopped after Caravaggio threatened him. Idealist/classical. Considered to be the Raphael of the 17th century. No dark shadows, everything is clear and visible. Produced portraits of the rich and famous. One of the highest paid artists of Baroque.
Term
Sapienza
Definition
Italian word for knowledge. Chapel of the Universita di Roma.
Term
Pumpkin Dome
Definition
Design from Hadrian's Villa. Alternating concave and convex-ending cornicles, six-pointed star.
Term
Great Fire of London, 1666
Definition
Disaster in which 87 parish churches, St. Paul's Cathedral, and many other buildings were destroyed. Turned out to be an opportunity, in that many other buildings were built or rebuilt (Sir Christopher Wren designed 53 London churches, including St. Paul's).
Term
Sir Christopher Wren
Definition
One of the highest acclaimed English architects in history. Responsible for rebuilding St. Paul's Cathedral after the Great Fire of 1666.
Term
Erwin Panofsky
Definition
German art historian who immigrated to America and remains highly influential in the modern academic study of iconography.
Supporting users have an ad free experience!